Mediated electrochemical oxidation of animal waste materials

ABSTRACT

Animal waste is contacted with an electrolyte containing the oxidized form of one or more reversible redox couples, produced electrochemically by anodic oxidation at the anode of an electrochemical cell. The oxidized forms of any other redox couples present are produced either by similar anodic oxidation or reaction with the oxidized form of other redox couples present and capable of affecting the required redox reaction. The oxidized species of the redox couples oxidize the organic waste molecules and are themselves converted to their reduced form, whereupon they are reoxidized by either of the aforementioned mechanisms. The redox cycle continues until all oxidizable waste species, including intermediate reaction products, have undergone the desired degree of oxidation. The entire process takes place between zero degrees centigrade and slightly below the boiling point of the electrolyte, avoiding formation of either dioxins or furans. Ultrasonic energy and/or ultraviolet radiation provide reaction enhancements.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/327,005, filed Oct. 5, 2001.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to a process and apparatus for themediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) destruction of animal wastewhich includes, but is not limited to, manure; carcasses; body parts;milk; bedding (hay and straw, e.g., dried grasses, clovers, legumes, andsimilar materials or stalks or stems of various grains, such as barley,oats, rice, rye, and wheat); biological residue; animal byproducts(hides, skins, hair, wool, feathers, glue stock (fleshing, hide cuttingsand parings, tendons, or other collagenous parts of animal carcasses),bones, trimmings, meat scraps, hoofs, horns, bone meal (ground animalbones), hoof meal, horn meal, blood meal (dried blood of animals), meatmeal or tankage (the rendered and dried carcasses or parts of thecarcasses of animals), glands, organs, other parts or productsunsuitable for consumption; biological items (preparations made fromliving organisms and their products, including vaccines, cultures, etc.;blood products; body fluids; chemotherapeutic waste (waste materialresulting from the production or use of antineoplastic agents used forthe purpose of stopping or reversing the growth of malignant cells);biological products; diagnostic specimens; therapeutic serums;etiologic, bacterial, fungal, viral and rickettsiae agents; toxins;antitoxins; human, animal and plant pathogens; recombinantorganisms/molecules; genetically modified microorganisms; zoonoses; andprotozoa; isolation waste (includes biological waste and discardedmaterials contaminated with blood, excretions, exudates, or isolatedanimals known to be infected with highly communicable diseases); andpathological waste (waste material consisting of only animal remains,anatomical parts, and/or tissue, the bags/containers used to collect andtransport the waste material, and animal bedding); and, combined waste(e.g. a mixture of any of the foregoing with each other or othernon-animal waste) hence fourth collectively referred to as animal waste.

For the purpose of this patent, animals include, but are not limited to,poultry (any kind of domesticated bird, including but not limited tochickens, doves, ducks, geese, grouse, guinea fowl, partridges, peafowl, pheasants, pigeons, quail, swans, turkeys, egg shells, and eggsfor hatching, or eating), cattle, bison, captive cervids, other hoofedanimals (such as, llamas, alpacas, and antelope), sheep, goats, otherruminants, swine horses, assess, mules, zebras, dogs, cats, non-humanprimates (including prosimians, monkeys and apes), hamsters, rabbits,mink, chinchilla, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks, arthropods,birds (e.g. crows, pigeons, etc.), bats, fish and shell fish.

The following documents are added to the definition so as to furtherclarify the scope and definition of animal waste as any waste that isconsidered by any of, but not limited to, the following statutes andregulations:

-   -   9 C.F.R. ANIMAL AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS; Chapter I—ANIMAL AND PLANT        HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE; Part        1—DEFINITION OF TERMS.    -   9 C.F.R. ANIMAL AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS; Part 145—NATIONAL POULTRY        IMPROVEMENT PLAN; Subpart A—GENERAL PROVISIONS; Sec. 145.1        DEFINITIONS.    -   7 C.F.R. AGRICULTURE; Chapter I—AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE;        Part 70—VOLUNTARY GRADING OF POULTRY PRODUCTS AND RABBIT        PRODUCTS; Sec. 70.1 DEFINITIONS.    -   7 C.F.R. AGRICULTURE; Chapter VI—NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION        SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE; Part 636-WILDLIFE HABITAT        INCENTIVES PROGRAM; Sec. 636.3—DEFINITIONS.    -   7 C.F.R. AGRICULTURE; Chapter I—AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE;        Part 94—POULTRY AND EGG PRODUCTS; Subpart D—PROCESSES POULTRY        PRODUCTS; Sec. 94.301—DEFINITIONS.    -   7 C.F.R. AGRICULTURE; Chapter X—AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE        (Marketing Agreements and Orders; Milk) DEPARTMENT OF        AGRICULTURE; Subpart B—Definitions.    -   9 C.F.R. ANIMAL AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS; Part 3—STANDARDS; Subpart        A—SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE HUMANE HANDLING, CARE, TREATMENT, AND        TRANSPORTATION OF DOGS AND CATS.    -   9 C.F.R. ANIMAL AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS; Part 3—STANDARDS; Subpart        B—SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE HUMANE HANDLING, CARE, TREATMENT, AND        TRANSPORTATION OF GUINEA PIGS AND HAMSTERS.    -   9 C.F.R. ANIMAL AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS; Part 3—STANDARDS; Subpart        C—SPECIFICATION FOR THE HUMANE HANDLING, CARE, TREATMENT, AND        TRANSPORTATION OF RABBITS.    -   9 C.F.R. ANIMAL AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS; Part 3—STANDARDS; Subpart        D—SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE HUMANE HANDLING, CARE, TREATMENT, AND        TRANSPORTATION OF NONHUMAN PRIMATES.    -   9 C.F.R. ANIMAL AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS; Part 3—STANDARDS; Subpart        E—SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE HUMANE HANDLING, CARE, TREATMENT, AND        TRANSPORTATION OF MARINE MAMMALS.    -   9 C.F.R. ANIMAL AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS; Chapter I—ANIMAL AND PLANT        HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE; Part        50—ANIMALS DESTROYED BECAUSE OF TUBERCULOSIS.    -   9 C.F.R. ANIMAL AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS; Part 93—IMPORTATION OF        CERTAIN ANIMALS, BIRDS, AND POULTRY, AND CERTAIN ANIMALS.    -   9 C.F.R. ANIMAL AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS; Chapter III—FOOD SAFETY AND        INSPECTION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE; Part 381—POULTRY        PRODUCTS INSPECTION REGULATIONS.    -   40 C.F.R. PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT; Chapter I—ENVIRONMENTAL        PROTECTION AGENCY; Part 432—MEAT PRODUCTS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY.    -   50 C.F.R. WILDLIFE AND FISHERIES; Chapter I—UNITED STATES FISH        AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL; Part        23—ENDANGERED SPECIES CONVENTION; Subpart C—APPENDICES I, II,        AND III TO THE CONVENTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED        SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA; Sec. 23.23 SPECIES LISTED IN        APPENDICES I, II, AND III    -   15 C.F.R. COMMERCE AND FOREIGN TRADE; PART 742—CONTROL        POLICY—CCL BASED CONTROL; SECTION 742.2—PROLIFERATION OF        CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS.    -   21 C.F.R. FOOD AND DRUGS; PART 600—BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS: GENERAL;        SECTION 600.3—DEFINITIONS.

42 C.F.R. PUBLIC HEALTH; PART 72—INTERSTATE SHIPMENT OF ETIOLOGICAGENTS; SECTION 72.1—DEFINITIONS AND APPENDIX A TO PART 72—SELECTAGENTS.

Animal waste is a relatively new problem for today's technologicalsociety. The definition of this waste has been expanding in its coverageof materials that must be handled in a controlled manner. The foregoinglist of State statutes and United States Federal Regulations areoverlapping but are necessary to accurately define the materials sinceno single statute or regulation covers all the materials for which thisinvention applies.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Animal waste is a growing problem for today's technological society. Theanimal waste generated by a large segment of our agricultural sector isan increasing burden on these companies as well as the whole country ingeneral. The magnitude of this growing problem can be seen from thefollowing annual amount of animal manure generated by confined animals(in 1990) which represent approximately half of the animals in thesecategories: (a) cattle 27 million tons, (b) poultry 14 million tons, and(c) swine 16 million tons.

Considerable researches in the fields of public health, safety andenvironmental protection have raised the level of concern relative tothe impact of this waste on our society. This has lead to the definitionof this waste being expanded in its coverage of materials that must behandled in a controlled manner.

The cost of disposing of animal waste in the U.S. is a multi-billiondollar per year industry. The capital cost of the equipment required isin the hundreds of millions of dollars. All businesses, industrialcompanies, and institutions that generate and handle this category ofwaste must provide safe, effective and inexpensive disposal of thewaste. In recent years there has been increasing concern over thedisposal of animal waste. The number of materials that need to becontrolled has continued to increase. Furthermore, the handling,storing, and transporting of the waste have continued to increase incost. The liability for the consequences of the disposal of this wasteis a major concern for all parties involved. The liability of the usersdoes not end with the transfer of control of these materials to disposalcompanies for future problems they may cause.

The dominant methodologies used today generally can be categorized asthermal decomposition, long-term storage, or landfills methods.

The most frequently used thermal destruction techniques are variousforms of incineration. All of these techniques have the potential toproduce volatile organics that have serious health and environmentalconsequences.

In the case of long-term storage, this method is viewed as delaying thesolving of the problem and in fact actually increases the degree of theproblem in the future. The dumping in landfills has considerable riskfor the users of these materials. Many companies build “holding ponds”to store the animal waste for an extended period of time but these pondsare a potential serious threat to the public health and safety. If theydevelop leaks or overflow, the waste can enter the ground water posing aserious environmental problem. These “holding ponds” can also become abreeding area for materials and organisms that have serious healthconsequences. Therefore, the user community has an immediate need todevelop and incorporate improved methods for the handling of all typesand form of animal wastes.

The methodology of this patent provides for the immediate destruction ofanimal waste as close to the source as possible thus avoiding the riskof expanding the exposure time or area to these materials. Thedestruction technology in this patent converts the animal waste intobenign natural components. Nearly all-animal waste solid, liquid, orcombinations thereof are decomposed into carbon dioxide, water, andsmall amounts of inorganic salts.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a method and apparatus(s) for the mediatedelectrochemical oxidation (MEO) of nearly all animal solid or liquidwastes, and combined waste (e.g., a mixture of any of the foregoing witheach other or other non-animal waste), henceforth collectively referredto as animal waste. The method and apparatus have particular applicationto, but is not limited to manure; carcasses; body parts; milk; bedding(hay and straw, e.g., dried grasses, clovers, legumes, and similarmaterials or stalks or stems of various grains, such as barley, oats,rice, rye, and wheat); biological residue; animal byproducts (hides,skins, hair, wool, feathers, glue stock (fleshing, hide cuttings andparings, tendons, or other collagenous parts of animal carcasses),bones, trimmings, meat scraps, hoofs, horns, bone meal (ground animalbones), hoof meal, horn meal, blood meal (dried blood of animals), meatmeal or tankage (the rendered and dried carcasses or parts of thecarcasses of animals), glands, organs, other parts or productsunsuitable for consumption; biological items (preparations made fromliving organisms and their products, including vaccines, cultures, etc.;blood products; body fluids; chemotherapeutic waste (waste materialresulting from the production or use of antineoplastic agents used forthe purpose of stopping or reversing the growth of malignant cells);biological products; diagnostic specimens; therapeutic serums;etiologic, bacterial, fungal, viral and rickettsiae agents; toxins;antitoxins; human, animal and plant pathogens; recombinantorganisms/molecules; genetically modified microorganisms; zoonoses; andprotozoa; isolation waste (includes biological waste and discardedmaterials contaminated with blood, excretions, exudates, or isolatedanimals known to be infected with highly communicable diseases); andpathological waste (waste material consisting of only animal remains,anatomical parts, and/or tissue, the bags/containers used to collect andtransport the waste material, and animal bedding); and, combined waste(e.g. a mixture of any of the foregoing with each other or othernon-animal waste) hence fourth collectively referred to as animal waste.The method and apparatus in this patent has the flexibility to deal withall of the forms of the animal waste as identified.

The mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) process involves anelectrolyte containing one or more redox couples, wherein the oxidizedform of at least one redox couple is produced by anodic oxidation at theanode(s) of an electrochemical cell. The oxidized forms of any otherredox couples present are produced either by similar anodic oxidation orreaction with the oxidized form of other redox couples present capableof affecting the required redox reaction. The anodic oxidation in theelectrochemical cell is driven by an externally induced electricalpotential induced between the anode(s) and cathode(s) of the cell. Theoxidized species of the redox couples oxidize the animal waste moleculesand are themselves converted to their reduced form, whereupon they arereoxidized by either of the aforementioned mechanisms and the redoxcycle continues until all oxidizable waste species, includingintermediate reaction products, have undergone the desired degree ofoxidation. The redox species ions are thus seen to “mediate” thetransfer of electrons from the waste molecules to the anode, (i.e.,oxidation of the waste).

A membrane in the electrochemical cell separates the anolyte andcatholyte, thereby preventing parasitic reduction of the oxidizingspecies at the cathode. The membrane is typically an ion-selectivecation exchange membrane (e.g., Nafion, etc.) or a microporous polymer,ceramic, or sintered glass membrane. The preferred MEO process uses themediator species described in Table I (simple anions redox couplemediators); the Type I isopolyanions (IPA) formed by Mo, W, V, Nb, andTa, and mixtures thereof; the Type I heteropolyanions (HPA) formed byincorporation into the aforementioned isopolyanions of any of theelements listed in Table II (heteroatoms) either singly or incombinations there of; any type heteropolyanion containing at least oneheteropolyatom (i.e. element) contained in both Table I and Table II; orcombinations of mediator species from any or all of these genericgroups.

Simple Anion Redox Couple Mediators

Table I shows the simple anion redox couple mediators used in thepreferred MEO process wherein “species” defines the specific ions foreach chemical element that have applicability to the MEO process aseither the reduced (e.g., Fe⁺³) or oxidizer (e.g., FeO₄ ⁻²) form of themediator characteristic element (e.g., Fe), and the “specific redoxcouple” defines the specific associations of the reduced and oxidizedforms of these species (e.g. Fe⁺²/FeO₄ ⁻²) that are claimed for the MEOprocess. Species soluble in the anolyte are shown in Table I in normalprint while those that are insoluble are shown in bold underlined print.The characteristics of the MEO Process claimed in this patent arespecified in the following paragraphs.

The anolyte in the MEO process contains one or more redox couples whichin their oxidized form consist of either single multivalent elementanions (e.g., Ag⁺², Ce⁺⁴, Co⁺³, Pb⁺⁴, etc.), insoluble oxides ofmultivalent elements (e.g., PbO₂, CeO₂, PrO₂, etc.), or simple oxoanions(also called oxyanions) of multivalent elements (e.g., FeO₄ ⁻², NiO₄ ⁻²,BiO₃ ⁻, etc.). The redox couples in their oxidized form are called themediator species. The nonoxygen multivalent element component of themediator is called the characteristic element of the mediator species.We have chosen to group the simple oxoanions with the simple anion redoxcouple mediators rather than with the complex (i.e., polyoxometallate(POM)) anion redox couple mediators discussed in the next section andrefer to them collectively as simple anion redox couple mediators.

In one embodiment of this process both the oxidized and reduced forms ofthe redox couple are soluble in the anolyte. The reduced form of thecouple is anodically oxidized to the oxidized form at the cell anode(s)whereupon it oxidizes molecules of waste either dissolved in or locatedon waste particle surfaces wetted by the anolyte, with the concomitantreduction of the oxidizing agent to its reduced form, whereupon the MEOprocess begins again with the reoxidation of this species at the cellanode(s). If other less powerful redox couples of this type (i.e.,reduced and oxidized forms soluble in anolyte) are present, they too mayundergo direct anodic oxidation or the anodically oxidized more powerfuloxidizing agent may oxidize them rather than a waste molecule. Theweaker redox couple(s) is selected such that their oxidation potentialis sufficient to affect the desired reaction with the waste molecules.The oxidized species of all the redox couples oxidize the animal wastemolecules and are themselves converted to their reduced form, whereuponthey are reoxidized by either of the aforementioned mechanisms and theredox cycle continues until all oxidizable waste species, includingintermediate reaction products, have undergone the desired degree ofoxidation.

The preferred mode for the MEO process as described in the precedingsection is for the redox couple species to be soluble in the anolyte inboth the oxidized and reduced forms, however this is not the only modeof operation claimed herein. If the reduced form of the redox couple issoluble in the anolyte (e.g., Pb⁺²) but the oxidized form is not (e.g.,PbO₂), the following processes are operative. The insoluble oxidizingagent is produced either as a surface layer on the anode by anodicoxidation, or throughout the bulk of the anolyte by reacting with theoxidized form of other redox couples present capable of affecting therequired redox reaction, at least one of which is formed by anodicoxidation. The oxidizable waste is either soluble in the anolyte ordispersed therein at a fine particle size, (e.g., emulsion, colloid,etc.) thereby affecting intimate contact with the surface of theinsoluble oxidizing agent (e.g., PbO₂) particles. Upon reaction of thewaste with the oxidizing agent particles, the waste is oxidized and theinsoluble oxidizing agent molecules on the anolyte wetted surfaces ofthe oxidizing agent particles reacting with the waste are reduced totheir soluble form and are returned to the bulk anolyte, available forcontinuing the MEO process by being reoxidized.

In another variant of the MEO process, if the reduced form of the redoxcouple is insoluble in the anolyte (e.g., TiO₂) but the oxidized form issoluble (e.g., TiO₂ ⁺²), the following processes are operative. Thesoluble (i.e., oxidized) form of the redox couple is produced by thereaction of the insoluble (i.e., reduced form) redox couple molecules onthe anolyte wetted surfaces of the oxidizing agent particles with thesoluble oxidized form of other redox couples present capable ofaffecting the required redox reaction, at least one of which is formedby anodic oxidation and soluble in the anolyte in both the reduced andoxidized forms. The soluble oxidized species so formed are released intothe anolyte whereupon they oxidize waste molecules in the mannerpreviously described and are themselves converted to the insoluble formof the redox couple, thereupon returning to the starting point of theredox MEO cycle.

In this invention, when an alkaline anolyte is used, the CO₂ resultingfrom oxidation of the animal waste reacts with the anolyte to formalkali metal bicarbonates/carbonates. The bicarbonate/carbonate ionscirculate within the anolyte where they are reversibly oxidized topercarbonate ions either by anodic oxidation within the electrochemicalcell or alternately by reacting with the oxidized form of a morepowerful redox couple mediator, when present in the anolyte. Thecarbonate thus functions exactly as a simple anion redox couplemediator, thereby producing an oxidizing species from the wasteoxidation products that itself is capable of destroying additionalanimal waste.

The electrolytes used in this claim are from a family of acids, alkali,and neutral salt aqueous solutions (e.g. sulfuric acid, potassiumhydroxide, sodium sulfate aqueous solutions, etc.).

A given redox couple or mixture of redox couples (i.e. mediator species)are to be used with different electrolytes.

The electrolyte composition is selected based on demonstrated adequatesolubility of the compound containing at least one of the mediatorspecies present in the reduced form (e.g., sulfuric acid may be usedwith ferric sulfate, etc.).

The concentration of the mediator species containing compounds in theanolyte may range from 0.0005 (M) up to the saturation point.

The concentration of electrolyte in the anolyte is governed by itseffect upon the solubility of the mediator species containing compoundsand by the conductivity of the anolyte solution desired in theelectrochemical cell for the given mediator species being used.

The temperature over which the electrochemical cell may be operatedranges from approximately 0° C. too slightly below the boiling point ofthe electrolytic solution. The most frequently used thermal techniques,such as incineration, greatly exceed this temperature range. All ofthese techniques have the potential to produce volatile organics thathave serious health and environmental consequences. Typical of thesesubstances are dioxins and furans, which are controlled, wastematerials. Dioxins and furans are formed in off gas streams of thermaltreatment units (incinerators) when the off gases are cooled through thetemperature range from 350° C. to approximately 250° C. The MEO processused in this patent does not create those conditions therefore does notproduce these toxins.

The MEO process is operated at atmospheric pressure.

The mediator species are differentiated on the basis of whether they arecapable of reacting with the electrolyte to produce free radicals (e.g.,O₂H (perhydroxyl), OH (hydroxyl), SO₄ (sulfate), NO₃ (nitrate), etc.).Such mediator species are classified herein as “super oxidizers” (SO)and typically exhibit oxidation potentials at least equal to that of theCe⁺³/Ce⁺⁴ redox couple (i.e., 1.7 volts at 1 molar, 25° C. and pH 1).

The electrical potential between the electrodes in the electrochemicalcell is based upon the oxidation potential of the most reactive redoxcouple present in the anolyte and serving as a mediator species, and theohmic losses within the cell. Within the current density range ofinterest the electrical potential may be approximately 2.5 to 3.0 volts.

In the case of certain electrolyte compositions, a low level AC voltageis impressed across the electrodes in the electrochemical cell. The ACvoltage is used to retard the formation of surface films on theelectrodes that would have a performance limiting effect.

Complex Anion Redox Couple Mediators

The preferred characteristic of the oxidizing species in the MEO processis that it be soluble in the aqueous anolyte in both the oxidized andreduced states. The majority of metal oxides and oxoanion (oxyanion)salts are insoluble, or have poorly defined or limited solutionchemistry. The early transition elements, however, are capable ofspontaneously forming a class of discrete polymeric structures calledpolyoxometallate POMs (POMs) which are highly soluble in aqueoussolutions over a wide pH range. The polymerization of simple tetrahedraloxoanions of interest herein involves an expansion of the metal, M,coordination number to 6, and the edge and corner linkage of MO₆octahedra. Chromium is limited to a coordination number of 4,restricting the POMs based on CrO₄ tetrahedra to the dichromate ion[Cr₂O₇]⁻² which is included in Table I. Based upon their chemicalcomposition POMs are divided into the two subclasses isopolyanions(IPAs) and heteropolyanions (HPAs), as shown by the following generalformulas:Isopolyanions(IPAs)—[M_(m)O_(y)]^(p−)and,Heteropolyanions(HPAs)—[X_(x)M_(m)O_(y)]^(q−)(m>x)where the addenda atom, M, is usually Molybdenum (Mo) or Tungsten (W),and less frequently Vanadium (V), Niobium (Nb), or Tantalum (Ta), ormixtures of these elements in their highest (d⁰) oxidation state. Theelements that can function as addenda atoms in IPAs and HPAs appear tobe limited to those with both a favorable combination of ionic radiusand charge, and the ability to form dn-pn M—O bonds. However, theheteroatom, X, have no such limitations and can be any of the elementslisted in Table II.

There is a vast chemistry of POMs that involves the oxidation/reductionof the addenda atoms and those heteroatoms listed in Table II, thatexhibit multiple oxidation states. The partial reduction of the addenda,M, atoms in some POMs strictures (i.e., both IPAs and HPAs) producesintensely colored species, generically referred to as “heteropolyblues”. Based on structural differences, POMs can be divided into twogroups, Type I and Type II. Type I POMs consist of MO₆ octahedra eachhaving one terminal oxo oxygen atom while Type II have 2 terminal oxooxygen atoms. Type II POMs can only accommodate addenda atoms with d⁰electronic configurations, whereas Type I; e.g., Keggin (XM₁₂O₄₀),Dawson (X₂M₁₈O₆₂), hexametalate (M₆O₁₉), decatungstate (W₁₀O₃₂), etc.,can accommodate addenda atoms with d⁰, d¹, and d² electronicconfigurations. Therefore, while Type I structures can easily undergoreversible redox reactions, structural limitations preclude this abilityin Type II structures. Oxidizing species applicable for the MEO processare therefore Type I POMs (i.e., IPAs and HPAs) where the addenda, M,atoms are W, Mo, V, Nb, Ta, or combinations there of.

The high negative charges of polyanions often stabilize heteroatoms inunusually high oxidation states, thereby creating a second category ofMEO oxidizers in addition to the aforementioned Type I POMs. Any Type Ior Type II HPA containing any of the heteroatom elements, X, listed inTable II, that also are listed in Table I as simple anion redox couplemediators, can also function as an oxidizing species in the MEO process.

The anolyte contains one or more complex anion redox couples, eachconsisting of either the afore mentioned Type I POMs containing W, Mo,V, Nb, Ta or combinations there of as the addenda atoms, or HPAs havingas heteroatoms (X) any elements contained in both Tables I and II, andwhich are soluble in the electrolyte (e.g. sulfuric acid, etc.).

The electrolytes used in this claim are from a family of acids, alkali,and neutral salt aqueous solutions (e.g. sulfuric acid, potassiumhydroxide, sodium sulfate aqueous solutions, etc.).

A given POM redox couple or mixture of POM redox couples (i.e., mediatorspecies) may be used with different electrolytes.

The electrolyte composition is selected based on demonstrating adequatesolubility of at least one of the compounds containing the POM mediatorspecies in the reduced form and being part of a redox couple ofsufficient oxidation potential to affect oxidation of the other mediatorspecies present.

The concentration of the POM mediator species containing compounds inthe anolyte may range from 0.0005M (molar) up to the saturation point.

The concentration of electrolyte in the anolyte may be governed by itseffect upon the solubility of the POM mediator species containingcompounds and by the conductivity of the anolyte solution desired in theelectrochemical cell for the given POM mediator species being used toallow the desired cell current at the desired cell voltage.

The temperature over which the electrochemical cell may be operatedranges from approximately 0° C. to just below the boiling point of theelectrolytic solution.

The MEO process is operated at atmospheric pressure.

The POM mediator species are differentiated on the basis of whether theyare capable of reacting with the electrolyte to produce free radicals(e.g., O₂H, OH, SO₄, and NO₃). Such mediator species are classifiedherein as “super oxidizers” (SO) and typically exhibit oxidationpotentials at least equal to that of the Ce⁺³/Ce⁺⁴ redox couple (i.e.,1.7 volts at 1 molar, 25° C. and pH 1).

The electrical potential between the anode(s) and cathode(s) in theelectrochemical cell is based on the oxidation potential of the mostreactive POM redox couple present in the anolyte and serving as amediator species, and the ohmic losses within the cell. Within thecurrent density range of interest the electrical potential may beapproximately 2.5 to 3.0 volts.

Mixed Simple and Complex Anion Redox Couple Mediators

The preferred MEO process for a combination of simple anion redox couplemediators (A) and complex anion redox couple mediators (B) may be mixedtogether to form the system anolyte. The characteristics of theresulting MEO process is similar to the previous discussions.

The use of multiple oxidizer species in the MEO process has thefollowing potential advantages:

The overall waste destruction rate is increased if the reaction kineticsof anodically oxidizing mediator “A”, oxidizing mediator “B” andoxidized mediator “B” oxidizing the animal waste is sufficiently rapidsuch that the combined speed of the three step reaction train is fasterthan the two step reaction trains of anodically oxidizing mediator “A”or “B”, and the oxidized mediators “A” or “B” oxidizing the animalwaste.

If the cost of mediator “B” is sufficiently less than that of mediator“A”, the used of the above three step reaction train results in loweringthe cost of waste destruction due to the reduced cost associated withthe smaller required inventory and process losses of the more expensivemediator “A”. An example of this is the use of a silver(II)-peroxysulfate mediator system to reduce the cost associated with asilver (I/II) only MEO process and overcome the slow anodic oxidationkinetics of a sulfate/peroxysulfate only MEO process.

The MEO process is “desensitized” to changes in the types of molecularbonds present in the animal waste as the use of multiple mediators, eachselectively attacking different types of chemical bonds, results in ahighly “nonselective” oxidizing system.

Anolyte Additional Features

In one preferred embodiment of the MEO process in this invention, thereare one or more simple anion redox couple mediators in the anolyteaqueous solution. In another preferred embodiment of the MEO process,there are one or more complex anion (i.e., POMs) redox couple mediatorsin the anolyte aqueous solution. In another preferred embodiment of theMEO process, there are one or more simple anion redox couples and one ormore complex anion redox couples in the anolyte aqueous solution.

The MEO process of the present invention uses any oxidizer specieslisted in Table I that are found in situ in the waste to be destroyed.For example, when the animal waste also contains iron (Fe) compoundsthat become a source of FeO₄ ⁻² ions under the MEO process conditionswithin the anolyte, the waste-anolyte mixture may be circulated throughan electrochemical cell, where the oxidized form of the reversible ironredox couple is formed either by anodic oxidation within theelectrochemical cell or alternately by reacting with the oxidized formof a more powerful redox couple, if present in the anolyte and thelatter being anodically oxidized in the electrochemical cell. The ironthus functions exactly as a simple anion redox couple species therebydestroying the organic waste component leaving only the iron to bedisposed of. Adding one or more of any of the anion redox couplemediators described in this patent further enhances the MEO processdescribed above.

In the MEO process of the invention, anion redox couple mediators in theanolyte part of an aqueous electrolyte solution uses an acid, neutral oralkaline solution depending on the temperature and solubility of thespecific mediator(s). The anion oxidizers used in the basic MEO processpreferably attack specific organic molecules. Hydroxyl free radicalspreferentially attack organic molecules containing aromatic rings andunsaturated carbon-carbon bonds. Oxidation products such as the highlyundesirable aromatic compounds chlorophenol or tetrachlorodibenzodioxin(dioxin) upon formation would thus be preferentially attacked byhydroxyl free radicals, preventing the accumulation of any meaningfulamounts of these compounds. Even free radicals with lower oxidationpotentials than the hydroxyl free radical preferentially attackcarbon-halogen bonds such as those in carbon tetrachloride andpolychlorobiphenyls (PCBs).

Some redox couples having an oxidation potential at least equal to thatof the Ce⁺³/Ce⁺⁴ redox couple (i.e., 1.7 volts at 1 molar, 25° C. and pH1), and sometimes requiring heating to above about 50° C. (i.e., butless then the boiling point of the electrolyte) can initiate a secondoxidation process wherein the mediator ions in their oxidized forminteract with the aqueous anolyte, creating secondary oxidizer freeradicals (e.g., O₂H, OH, SO₄, NO₃, etc.) or hydrogen peroxide. Suchmediator species in this invention are classified herein as “superoxidizers” (SO) to distinguish them from the “basic oxidizers” incapableof initiating this second oxidation process.

The oxidizer species addressed in this patent (i.e., characteristicelements having atomic number below 90) are described in Table I (simpleanions redox couple mediators): Type I IPAs formed by Mo, W, V, Nb, Ta,or mixtures there of as addenda atoms; Type I HPAs formed byincorporation into the aforementioned IPAs if any of the elements listedin Table II (heteroatoms) either singly or in combinations thereof; orany HPA containing at least one heteroatom type (i.e., element)contained in both Table I and Table II; or mediator species from any orall of these generic groups.

Each oxidizer anion element has normal valence states (NVS) (i.e.,reduced form of redox couple) and higher valence states (HVS) (i.e.,oxidized form of redox couple) created by stripping electrons off NVSspecies when they pass through an electrochemical cell. The MEO processof the present invention uses a broad spectrum of anion oxidizers; theseanion oxidizers used in the basic MEO process may be interchanged in thepreferred embodiment without changing the equipment.

In preferred embodiments of the MEO process, the basic MEO process ismodified by the introduction of additives as stabilizing compounds suchas tellurate or periodate ions which serve to overcome the shortlifetime of the oxidized form of some redox couples (e.g., Cu⁺³) in theanolyte via the formation of more stable complexes (e.g., [Cu(IO₆)₂]⁻⁷,[Cu (HTeO₆)₂]⁻⁷). The tellurate and periodate ions can also participatedirectly in the MEO process as they are the oxidized forms of simpleanion redox couple mediators (see Table I) and participate in theoxidation of animal waste in the same manner as previously described forthis class of oxidizing agents.

Alkaline Electrolytes

In one preferred embodiment, a cost reduction is achieved in the basicMEO process by using an alkaline electrolyte, such as but not limited toaqueous solutions of NaOH or KOH with mediator species wherein thereduced form of said mediator redox couple displays sufficientsolubility in said electrolyte to allow the desired oxidation of theanimal waste to proceed at a practical rate. The oxidation potential ofredox reactions producing hydrogen ions (i.e., both mediator species andanimal waste molecules reactions) are inversely proportional to theelectrolyte pH, thus with the proper selection of a redox couplemediator, it is possible, by increasing the electrolyte pH, to minimizethe electric potential required to affect the desired oxidation process,thereby reducing the electric power consumed per unit mass of animalwaste destroyed.

When an alkaline anolyte (e.g., NaOH, KOH, etc.) is used, benefits arederived from the saponification (i.e., base promoted ester hydrolysis)of fatty acids to form water soluble alkali metal salts of the fattyacids (i.e., soaps) and glycerin, a process similar to the production ofsoap from animal fat by introducing it into a hot aqueous lye solution.

In this invention, when an alkaline anolyte is used, the CO₂ resultingfrom oxidation of the animal waste reacts with the anolyte to formalkali metal bicarbonates/carbonates. The bicarbonate/carbonate ionscirculate within the anolyte where they are reversibly oxidized topercarbonate ions either by anodic oxidation within the electrochemicalcell or alternately by reacting with the oxidized form of a morepowerful redox couple mediator, when present in the anolyte. Thecarbonate thus functions exactly as a simple anion redox couplemediator, thereby producing an oxidizing species from the wasteoxidation products that itself is capable of destroying additionalanimal waste.

Additional MEO Electrolyte Features

In one preferred embodiment of this invention, the catholyte and anolyteare discrete entities separated by a membrane, thus they are notconstrained to share any common properties such as electrolyteconcentration, composition, or pH (i.e., acid, alkali, or neutral). Theprocess operates over the temperature range from approximately 0° C. tooslightly below the boiling point of the electrolyte used during thedestruction of the animal waste.

MEO Process Augmented by Ultraviolet/Ultrasonic Energy

Decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide into free hydroxyl radicals iswell known to be promoted by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Thedestruction rate of animal waste obtained using the MEO process in thisinvention, therefore, be increased by UV irradiation of the reactionchamber anolyte to promote formation of additional hydroxyl freeradicals. In a preferred embodiment, UV radiation is introduced into theanolyte chamber using a UV source either internal to or adjacent to theanolyte chamber. The UV irradiation decomposes hydrogen peroxide, whichis produced by secondary oxidizers generated by the oxidized form of themediator redox couple, into hydroxyl free radical. The result is anincrease in the efficiency of the MEO process since the energy expendedin hydrogen peroxide generation is recovered through the oxidation ofanimal materials in the anolyte chamber.

Additionally, in a preferred embodiment, ultrasonic energy may beapplied into the anolyte chamber to rupture the cell membranes ofbiological materials. The ultrasonic energy is absorbed in the cell walland the local temperature is raised to above several thousand degrees,resulting in cell wall failure. This substantially increases theeffectiveness of oxidation by the oxidation form of redox couple speciespresent as well as the overall efficiency of the MEO process.

Additionally, ultrasonic energy is introduced into the anolyte chamber.Implosion of the microscopic bubbles formed by the rapidly oscillatingpressure waves emanating from the sonic horn generate shock wavescapable of producing extremely short lived and localized conditions of4800° C. and 1000 atmospheres pressure within the anolyte. Under theseconditions water molecules decompose into hydrogen atoms and hydroxylradicals. Upon quenching of the localized thermal spike, the hydroxylradicals undergo the aforementioned reactions with the animal waste orcombine with each other to form another hydrogen peroxide molecule whichthen itself oxidizes additional animal waste.

In another preferred embodiment, the destruction rate of non anolytesoluble animal waste is enhanced by affecting a reduction in thedimensions of the individual second (i.e., animal waste) phase entitiespresent in the anolyte, thereby increasing the total waste surface areawetted by the anolyte and therefore the amount of waste oxidized perunit time. Immsicible liquids may be dispersed on an extremely finescale within the aqueous anolyte by the introduction of suitablesurfactants or emulsifying agents. Vigorous mechanical mixing such aswith a colloid mill or the microscopic scale mixing affected by theaforementioned ultrasonic energy induced microscopic bubble implosioncould also be used to affect the desired reduction in size of theindividual second phase waste volumes dispersed in the anolyte. The vastmajority of solid waste may be converted into a liquid phase, thusbecoming treatable as above, using a variety of cell disruptionmethodologies. Examples of these methods are mechanical shearing usingvarious rotor-stator homogenizers and ultrasonic devices (i.e.,sonicators) where the aforementioned implosion generated shock wave,augmented by the 4800° C. temperature spike, shear the cell walls.Distributing the cell protoplasm throughout the anolyte produces animmediate reduction in the mass and volume of actual wastes as about 67percent of protoplasm is ordinary water, which simply becomes part ofthe aqueous anolyte, requiring no further treatment.

If the amount of water released directly from the animal waste and/orformed as a reaction product from the oxidation of hydrogenous wastedilutes the anolyte to an unacceptable level, the anolyte can easily bereconstituted by simply raising the temperature and/or lowering thepressure in an optional evaporation chamber to affect removal of therequired amount of water. The soluble constituents of the animal wasteare rapidly dispersed throughout the anolyte on a molecular scale whilethe insoluble constituents are dispersed throughout the anolyte as anextremely fine second phase using any of the aforementioned dispersalmethodologies, thereby vastly increasing the waste anolyte interfacialcontact area beyond that possible with an intact solid configuration andthus the rate at which the animal waste is destroyed and the MEOefficiency.

In another preferred embodiment, increasing the surface area exposed tothe anolyte enhances the destruction rate of non-anolyte solid organicwaste. The destruction rate for any given concentration of oxidizer insolution in the anolyte is limited to the area of the solid with whichthe oxidizer can make contact. The embodiment used for solids contains amechanism for multiply puncturing the solid when it is placed in theanolyte reaction chamber basket. The punctures allow the oxidizer topenetrate into the interior of the solid by-passing difficult to destroysurface layers (e.g., skin, membranes. etc.) and increase the rate ofdestruction.

MEO Process Augmented with Free Radicals

The principals of the oxidation process used in this invention in whicha free radical (e.g., O₂H, OH, SO₄, NO₃,) cleaves and oxidize organiccompounds resulting in the formation of successively smaller hydrocarboncompounds. The intermediate compounds so formed are easily oxidized tocarbon dioxide and water during sequential reactions.

Inorganic radicals are be generated in aqueous solution variants of theMEO process in this invention. Inorganic free radicals have been derivedfrom carbonate, azide, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, phosphite, sulphite,sulphate, selenite, thiocyanate, chloride, bromide, iodide and formateions. Organic free radicals, such as sulfhydryl, may be generated by theMEO process. When the MEO process in this invention is applied toorganic materials they are broken down into organic compounds that areattacked by the aforementioned inorganic free radicals, producingorganic free radicals, which contribute to the oxidation process andincrease the efficiency of the MEO process.

Animal waste materials are introduced into an apparatus for contactingthe waste with an electrolyte containing the oxidized form of one ormore reversible redox couples, at least one of which is producedelectrochemically by anodic oxidation at the anode of an electrochemicalcell. The oxidized forms of any other redox couples present are producedeither by similar anodic oxidation or reaction with the oxidized form ofother redox couples present and capable of affecting the required redoxreaction. The oxidized species of the redox couples oxidize the organicwaste molecules and are themselves converted to their reduced form,whereupon they are reoxidized by either of the aforementioned mechanismsand the redox cycle continues until all oxidizable waste species,including intermediate reaction products, have undergone the desireddegree of oxidation. The entire process takes place at temperaturesbetween zero degrees centigrade and slightly below the boiling point ofthe electrolyte, thereby avoiding any possible formation of eitherdioxins or furans. The oxidation process may be enhanced by the additionof reaction enhancements, such as: ultrasonic energy and/or ultravioletradiation.

These and further and other objects and features of the invention areapparent in the disclosure, which includes the above and ongoing writtenspecification, with the characteristics and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A MEO Apparatus Diagram is a schematic representation of a systemfor destroying animal waste materials. FIG. 1A is a representation of ageneral embodiment of the present invention (with the understanding thatnot all of the components shown therein must necessarily be employed inall situations and others may be added as needed for a particularapplication).

FIG. 1B Anolyte Reaction Chamber for Liquids, Mixtures, and SmallParticulate and with Continuous Feed is a schematic representation ofthe anolyte reaction chamber used for animal waste fluids, and mixtures,which include small particulate. This chamber accommodates a continuousfeed of these materials into the chamber.

FIG. 1C Anolyte Reaction Chamber for Solids, Mixtures, and LargerParticulate and with Batch Operation is a schematic representation ofthe anolyte reaction chamber used for animal waste solids, and mixturesthat include large particulate. This chamber may be used for batch modeprocessing of animal wastes.

FIG. 1D Anolyte Reaction Chamber Remote is a schematic representation ofthe anolyte reaction chamber used for separating the anolyte reactionchamber from the basic MEO apparatus. This configuration allows thechamber to be a part of production line or similar use.

FIG. 1E Anolyte Reaction Chamber Exterior is a schematic representationof a container serving the role of the anolyte reaction chamber that isnot a part of the MEO apparatus. Typical of such a container is a50-gallon drum.

FIG. 2 MEO Controller for System Model 5.b is a schematic representationof the MEO electrical and electronic systems. FIG. 2 is a representationof a general embodiment of a controller for the present invention shownin FIG. 3 (with the understanding that not all of the components showntherein must necessarily be employed in all situations and others may beadded as needed for a particular application).

FIG. 3 MEO System Model 5.b is a schematic representation of a preferredembodiment.

FIG. 4 MEO Model 5.b Operational Steps is a schematic representation ofthe generalized steps of the process used in the MEO apparatus shown inFIG. 3 (with the understanding that not all of the components showntherein must necessarily be employed in all situations and others may beadded as needed for a particular application).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

MEO Chemistry

Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation (MEO) process chemistry described inthis patent uses oxidizer species (i.e., characteristic elements havingatomic number below 90) as described in Table I (simple anions redoxcouple mediators); Type I IPAs formed by Mo, W, V, Nb, Ta, or mixturesthere of as addenda atoms; Type I HPAs formed by incorporation into theaforementioned IPAs of any of the elements listed in Table II(heteroatoms) either singly or in combination thereof; or any HPAcontaining at least one heteroatom type (i.e., element) contained inboth Table I and Table II; or combinations of mediator species from anyor all of these generic groups. Since the anolyte and catholyte arecompletely separated entities, it is not necessary for both systems tocontain the same electrolyte. Each electrolyte may, independent of theother, consist of an aqueous solution of acids, typically but notlimited to nitric, sulfuric, of phosphoric; alkali, typically but notlimited to sodium or potassium hydroxide; or neutral salt typically butnot limited to sodium or potassium salts of the aforementioned strongmineral acids.

The MEO Apparatus is unique in that it accommodates the numerous choicesof mediator ions and electrolytes by simply draining, flushing, andrefilling the system with the mediator/electrolyte system of choice.

Because of redundancy and similarity in the description of the variousmediator ions, only the iron and nitric acid combination is discussed indetail. However, it is to be understood that the following discussion ofthe ferric/ferrate, (Fe⁺³)/(FeO₄ ⁻²) redox couple reaction in nitricacid (HNO₃) also applies to all the aforementioned oxidizer species andelectrolytes described at the beginning of this section. Furthermore,the following discussions of the interaction of ferrate ions withaqueous electrolytes to produce the aforementioned free radicals alsoapplies to all aforementioned mediators having an oxidation potentialsufficient to be classified superoxidizers (SO). An SO has an oxidationpotential at least equal to that of the redox couple Ce⁺³/Ce⁺⁴ which hasa potential of approximately 1.7 volts at 1 molar, 25° C. and pH 1 in anacid electrolyte.

FIG. 1A shows a MEO Apparatus in a schematic representation fordestroying animal waste. At the anode of the electrochemical cell 25Fe(III) ions (Fe⁺³, ferric) are oxidized to Fe(VI) ions (FeO₄ ⁻²,ferrate),Fe⁺³+4H₂O→FeO₄ ⁻²+8H⁺+3e ⁻

If the anolyte temperature is sufficiently high, typically above 50° C.,the Fe(VI) species may undergo a redox reaction with the water in theaqueous anolyte. The oxidation of water proceeds by a sequence ofreactions producing a variety of intermediate reaction products, some ofwhich react with each other. A few of these intermediate reactionproducts are highly reactive free radicals including, but not limited tothe hydroxyl (∘OH) and hydrogen peroxy or perhydroxyl (∘HO₂) radicals.Additionally, the mediated oxidizer species ions may interact withanions present in the acid or neutral salt electrolyte (e.g., NO₃ ⁻, SO₄⁻², or PO₄ ⁻³, etc.) to produce free radicals typified by, but notlimited to ∘NO₃, or the anions may undergo direct oxidation at theanode(s) of the cell. The population of hydroxyl free radicals may beincreased by ultraviolet irradiation of the anolyte (see ultravioletsource 11) in the reaction chambers 5(a,b,c) and buffer tank 20 tocleave the hydrogen peroxide molecules, and intermediate reactionproducts, into two such radicals. Free radical populations also beincreased by ultrasonic vibration (see ultrasonic source 9) induced bythe aforementioned implosion generated shock wave, augmented by the4800° C. temperature spike and 1000 atmospheres pressure.

These secondary oxidation species are capable of oxidizing organicmaterials and thus act in consort with Fe(VI) ions to oxidize theorganic materials.

The oxidizers react with the animal waste to produce CO₂ and water.These processes occur in the anolyte on the anode side of the system inthe reaction chambers 5(a,b,c,d), buffer tank 20, and throughout theanolyte system when in solution.

Addition of ferric ions to non-iron-based MEO systems has the potentialfor increasing the overall rate of animal waste oxidation compared tothe non-iron MEO system alone. (Again it is to be understood thisdiscussion of the ferric/ferrate redox couple also applies to all theaforementioned oxidizer species described at the beginning of thissection.) An example is consider a two step process the first of whichis to electrochemically form an FeO₄ ⁻² ion. In the second step is theFeO₄ ⁻² ion oxidizes a mediator ion, from its reduced form (e.g.,sulfate) to its oxidized form (e.g., peroxysulfate), faster than by thedirect anodic oxidation of the sulfate ion itself. Thus there is anoverall increase in the rate of animal waste destruction.

Membrane 27 separates the anode and the cathode chambers in theelectrochemical cell 25. Hydrogen ions (H⁺) or hydronium ions (H₃O⁺)travel through the membrane 27 due to the electrical potential from thedc power supply 29 applied between the anode(s) 26 and cathodes(s) 28.In the catholyte the nitric acid is reduced to nitrous acid3HNO₃+6H⁺+6e ⁻→3HNO₂+H₂Oby the reaction between the H⁺ ions and the nitric acid. Oxygen isintroduced into the catholyte through the air sparge 37 located belowthe liquid surface, and the nitric acid is regenerated,3HNO₂+3/2O₂→3HNO₃

In the case where the catholyte contain compounds other then nitrogensuch as sulfuric or phosphoric acids or their salts, the hydrogen ions(H⁺) or hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) contact the cathode and hydrogen gasevolves. The hydrogen gas is diluted with the air from the air spargeand released to the atmosphere or the evolved hydrogen gas can be feedto devices that use hydrogen as a fuel such as the fuel cells. Thehydrogen may under go purification prior to use (e.g., palladiumdiffusion, etc.) and/or solid state storage (e.g., adsorption inzirconium, etc.).

In some cases oxygen is evolved at the anode due to the over voltagenecessary to create the oxidation species of some of the mediator ions.The efficiency of these mediators is somewhat less under thoseconditions. The evolved oxygen can be feed to the devices that usehydrogen as a fuel such as the fuel cells. Using the evolved oxygen toenrich the air above its nominal oxygen content of 20.9 percentincreases the efficiency of fuel cells deriving their oxygen supply fromambient air.

The overall process results in the animal waste being converted tocarbon dioxide, water, and a small amount of inorganic compounds insolution or as a precipitate, which may be extracted by the inorganiccompound removal and treatment system 15.

The MEO process may proceed until complete destruction of the animalwaste has been affected or modified to stop the process at a point wherethe destruction of the animal waste is incomplete but: a) the organicmaterials are benign and do not need further treatment, or b) theorganic materials may be used in the form they have been reduced to andthus would be recovered for that purpose.

The entireties of U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,686,019; 4,749,519; 4,874,485;4,925,643; 5,364,508; 5,516,972; 5,745,835; 5,756,874; 5,810,995;5,855,763; 5,911,868; 5,919,350; 5,952,542; and 6,096,283 are includedherein by reference for their relevant teachings.

MEO Apparatus

A schematic drawing of the MEO apparatus shown in FIG. 1A MEO ApparatusDiagram illustrates the application of the MEO process to thedestruction of animal waste. The bulk of the anolyte resides in theanolyte reaction chambers 5(a,b,c) and the buffer tank 20. In the casewhere the animal waste is liquid only, the reaction chambers 5(a) ismodified to have a continuous input device so that the liquid is pumpedinto the reaction chambers 5(a) without having to operate a hinged lid1. The anolyte portion of the electrolyte solution contains for exampleFe⁺³/FeO₄ ⁻² redox couple anions and secondary oxidizing species (e.g.,free radicals, H₂O₂, etc.).

The MEO apparatus is composed of two separate closed-loop systemscontaining an electrolyte solution composed of anolyte and catholytesolutions. The anolyte and catholyte solutions are contained in theanolyte (A) system and the catholyte (B) system, respectively. These twosystems are discussed in detail in the following paragraphs.

Anolyte System (A)

Referring to FIG. 1A, the animal waste may be a liquid, solid, a mixtureof solids and liquids, or combined waste. FIGS. 1B through 1E providepreferred embodiments of the anolyte reaction chambers 5(a), 5(b), 5(c),5(d), and buffer tank 20.

The anolyte reaction chamber 5(a) in FIG. 1B is designed for liquids,small particulate and continuous feed operations. The animal waste isintroduced into the anolyte reaction chamber 5(a) through the input pump10 connected to the source of the animal waste to be destroyed. Theanimal waste is pumped into the chamber 5(a), which contains the anolyteused to destroy that animal waste. The apparatus continuously circulatesthe anolyte portion of the electrolyte directly from the electrochemicalcell 25 through the reaction chamber 5(a) to maximize the concentrationof oxidizing species contacting the waste. The anolyte is introducedinto the anolyte reaction chamber 5(a) through the spray head 4(a) andstream head 4(b). The two heads are designed to increase the exposure ofthe animal waste to the anolyte by enhancing the mixing in the anolytereaction chamber 5(a). Introducing the anolyte into the reaction chamber5(a) as a spray onto the anolyte surface promotes contact with (i.e.,oxidation of) any immiscible organic surface layers present. A filter 6is located at the base of the reaction chamber 5(a) to limit the size ofthe solid particles to approximately 1 mm in diameter (i.e., smallerthat the minimum dimension of the anolyte flow path in theelectrochemical cell 25) thereby preventing solid particles large enoughto clog the electrochemical cell 25 flow paths from exiting the reactionchamber 5(a). Contact of the oxidizing species with incomplete oxidationproducts that are gaseous at the conditions within the reaction chamber5(a) may be further enhanced by using conventional techniques forpromoting gas/liquid contact (e.g., ultrasonic vibration 9, mechanicalmixing 7). An ultraviolet source 11 is introduced into the anolytereaction chamber 5(a) to decompose the hydrogen peroxide formed by theMEO process into free hydroxyl radicals.

The anolyte reaction chamber 5(b) in FIG. 1C is designed for solids,mixtures and batch operations. The hinged lid 1 is lifted, and the topof the basket 3 is opened. The solid animal waste is introduced into thebasket 3 in the reaction chamber 5(b) where the solid waste remainswhile the liquid portion of the waste flows into the anolyte. The basket3 top is closed and the basket 3 is lowered by a lever 36 connected tothe lid 1 into the anolyte such that all its contents are held submergedin the anolyte throughout the oxidization process. Lid 1 has a sealaround the opening and it is locked before operation begins.

A mechanical device (penetrator 34) is incorporated into the basket 3that create multiple perforations in the outer layers of the solidanimal waste so that the anolyte can penetrate into the waste. Thispenetration speeds up the oxidation of the solid animal waste byincreasing the surface area exposed to the anolyte oxidizer, andallowing said oxidizer immediate access to portions of theaforementioned waste that are encased in (i.e., protected by) moredifficult to oxidize surrounding outer layers (e.g., hide, etc.).

The apparatus continuously circulates the anolyte portion of theelectrolyte directly from the electrochemical cell 25 through thereaction chamber 5(b) to maximize the concentration of oxidizing speciescontacting the waste. The anolyte enter the reaction chamber 5(b) and isinjected through two nozzles; one a spray head to distribute the anolytethroughout the reaction chamber 5(b), and the second is a stream head topromote circulation and turbulence in the anolyte in the chamber.Introducing the anolyte into the reaction chamber 5(b) as a spray ontothe anolyte surface promotes contact with (i.e., oxidation of) anyimmiscible organic surface layers present. A filter 6 is located at thebase of the reaction chamber 5(b) to limit the size of the solidparticles to approximately 1 mm in diameter (i.e., smaller that theminimum dimension of the anolyte flow path in the electrochemical cell25) thereby preventing solid particles large enough to clog theelectrochemical cell 25 flow paths from exiting the reaction chamber5(b). Contact of the oxidizing species with incomplete oxidationproducts that are gaseous at the conditions within the reaction chamber5(b) may be further enhanced by using conventional techniques forpromoting gas/liquid contact (e.g., ultrasonic vibration 9, mechanicalmixing 7). An ultraviolet source 11 is introduced into the anolytereaction chamber 5(b) to decompose the hydrogen peroxide formed by theMEO process into free hydroxyl radicals.

The anolyte reaction chamber 5(c) in FIG. 1D is designed to use ananolyte reaction chamber that is exterior to the basic MEO apparatus.The chamber may be integrated into a production process to be used todestroy animal waste as a part of the process. The chamber may beconnected to the basic MEO apparatus through tubing and a pumpingsystem. The anolyte is pumped from the buffer tank 20 in the basic MEOapparatus by the pump 8 where it is introduced into the reaction chamber5(c) through spray head XX as a spray onto the anolyte surface therebypromoting contact with (i.e., oxidation of) any immiscible organicsurface layers present in addition to reacting with (i.e., oxidizing)the animal waste dissolved, suspended or submerged within the anolyte inthe reaction chamber 5 (c). The inlet to pump 8 is protected by anin-line screen filter 6 which prevents solid particles large enough toclog the spray head 4(a) from exiting the buffer tank 20. Contact of theoxidizing species with incomplete oxidation products that are gaseous atthe conditions within the reaction chamber 5(c) may be further enhancedby using conventional techniques for promoting gas/liquid contact (e.g.,ultrasonic vibration 9, mechanical mixing 7). An ultraviolet source 11is introduced into the anolyte reaction chamber 5(c) to decompose thehydrogen peroxide formed by the MEO process into free hydroxyl radicals.The input pump 10 pumps the anolyte and animal waste liquid in theanolyte reaction chamber back to the buffer tank in the basic MEOapparatus through a return tube protected by an in-line screen filter 6which prevents solid particles large enough to clog the spray head 4(a)from exiting the reaction chamber 5(c). A third tube is connected to thereaction chamber 5(c) to pump out any gas that is present from theoriginal contents or from the MEO process. The gas is pumped by the airpump 32. The return gas tube is submerged in the buffer tank 20 in thebasic MEO system so as to oxidize any volatile organic compounds in thegas to CO₂ before release to the gas cleaning system 16. Contact of theoxidizing species with incomplete oxidation products that are gaseous atthe conditions within the reaction chamber 5(c) may be further enhancedby using conventional techniques for promoting gas/liquid contact (e.g.,ultrasonic vibration 9, mechanical mixing 7). The apparatus continuouslycirculates the anolyte portion of the electrolyte directly from theelectrochemical cell 25 through the buffer tank 20 to maximize theconcentration of oxidizing species contacting the waste.

The hinged lid 1 is lifted, and the top of the basket 3 is opened. Theorganic waste is introduced into the basket 3 in the reaction chamber5(c) where the solid waste remains while the liquid portion of the wasteflows into the anolyte. The basket 3 top and the lid 1 are closed andlid 1 has a seal around the opening and it is locked before operationbegins. With basket 3 lid closed, the basket 3 is lowered by a lever 36connected to the lid 1 into the anolyte such that all of its contentsare held submerged in the anolyte throughout the oxidization process.

A mechanical device (penetrator 34) may be incorporated into the basket3 in the anolyte reaction chamber 5(c) that create multiple perforationsin the outer portion of the solid animal waste so that the anolyte canrapidly penetrate into the interior of the waste. The penetrator 34serves the same purpose it does in the anolyte reaction chamber 5(b)described in the foregoing section. A filter 6 is located at the base ofthe buffer tank 20 to limit the size of the solid particles toapproximately 1 mm in diameter (i.e., smaller that the minimum dimensionof the anolyte flow path in the electrochemical cell 25) therebypreventing solid particles large enough to clog the electrochemical cell25 flow paths from exiting the buffer tank (20).

The anolyte reaction chamber 5(d) in FIG. 1E is designed to use a closedcontainer exterior to the basic apparatus as the anolyte reactionchamber. FIG. 1E illustrates one example of an exterior container, whichin this case is a metal vessel such as a 50-gallon steel drum containinganimal waste. The drum may be connected to the basic MEO apparatusthrough tubing and a pumping system. The anolyte is pumped by the pump 8from the buffer tank 20 in the basic MEO apparatus into the reactionchamber 5(d) where it reacts with the contents and oxidizes the animalwaste. The anolyte stream is oscillated within the anolyte reactionchamber 5(d) to allow for thorough mixing and for cleaning of the wallsof the chamber. The input pump 10 pumps the anolyte and animal wasteliquid in the anolyte reaction chamber back to the buffer tank in thebasic MEO apparatus through a return tube protected by an in-line screenfilter 6 which prevents solid particles large enough to clog the sprayhead 4(a) from exiting the reaction chamber 5(d). A third tube isconnected to the reaction chamber 5(d) through the air pump 32 to pumpout any gas that is present from the original contents or from the MEOprocess. The return gas tube is submerged below the anolyte level in thebuffer tank 20 in the basic MEO system so as to oxidize any volatileorganic compounds in the gas to CO₂ before release to the gas cleaningsystem 16.

The anolyte from the electrochemical cell 25 is introduced into thebuffer tank 20 through the spray head 4(a) and stream head 4(b). The twoheads are designed to increase the exposure of the animal waste to theanolyte by enhancing the mixing in the anolyte reaction chambers 5(a,b).Introducing the anolyte into the buffer tank 20 as a spray onto theanolyte surface promotes contact with (i.e., oxidation of) anyimmiscible organic surface layers present.

The MEO apparatus continuously circulates the anolyte portion of theelectrolyte directly from the electrochemical cell 25 into the buffertank 20 to maximize the concentration of oxidizing species contactingthe waste. A filter 6 is located at the base of the buffer tank 20 tolimit the size of the solid particles to approximately 1 mm in diameter(i.e., smaller than the minimum dimension of the anolyte flow path inthe electrochemical cell 25). Contact of the oxidizing species withincomplete oxidation products that are gaseous at the conditions withinthe buffer tank 20 may be enhanced by using conventional techniques forpromoting gas/liquid contact (e.g., ultrasonic vibration 9, mechanicalmixing 7). An ultraviolet source 11 is introduced into the buffer tank20 to decompose the hydrogen peroxide formed by the MEO process intofree hydroxyl radicals.

All surfaces of the apparatus in contact with the anolyte or catholyteare composed of stainless steel, glass, or nonreactive polymers (e.g.,PTFE, PTFE lined tubing, etc). These materials provide an electrolytecontainment boundary to protect the components of the MEO apparatus frombeing oxidized by the electrolyte.

The anolyte circulation system contains a pump 19 and a removal andtreatment system 15 (e.g., filter, centrifuge, hydrocyclone, etc,) toremove any insoluble inorganic compounds that form as a result ofmediator or electrolyte ions reacting with anions of or containinghalogens, sulfur, phosphorous, nitrogen, etc. that may be present in thewaste stream thus preventing formation of unstable compounds (e.g.,perchlorates, etc.). The anolyte is then returned to the electrochemicalcell 25, where the oxidizing species are regenerated, which completesthe circulation in the anolyte system (A).

The residue of the inorganic compounds is flushed out of the treatmentsystem 15 during periodic maintenance if necessary. If warranted, theinsoluble inorganic compounds are converted to water-soluble compoundsusing any one of several chemical or electrochemical processes.

Waste is added to the reaction chambers 5(a,b,c) either continuously orin the batch mode depending on the anolyte reaction chamberconfiguration chosen.

The MEO system apparatus incorporates two methods that may control therate of destruction of animal waste and control the order in whichorganic molecular bonds are broken. In the first method the anolytetemperature is initially at or below the operating temperature andsubsequently increased by the thermal controls 21 and 22 until thedesired operating temperature for the specific waste stream is obtained.In the second method the animal waste is introduced into the apparatus,with the concentration of electrochemically generated oxidizing speciesin the anolyte being limited to some predetermined value between zeroand the maximum desired operating concentration for the waste stream bycontrolling the electric current in the electrochemical cell 25 with theDC power supply 29 and subsequently increased to the desired operatingconcentration. These two methods can be used in combination.

The electrolyte is composed of an aqueous solution of mediator speciesand electrolytes appropriate for the species selected and is operatedwithin the temperature range from approximately 0° C. to slightly belowthe boiling point of the electrolytic solution, usually less then 100°C., at a temperature or temperature profile most conducive to thedesired waste destruction rate (e.g., most rapid, most economical,etc.). The acid, alkaline, or neutral salt electrolyte used isdetermined by the conditions in which the species may exist.

Considerable attention has been paid to halogens, especially chlorineand their deleterious interactions with silver mediator ions, howeverthis is of much less concern or importance to this invention for thefollowing two reasons. First, the biological waste considered hereintypically contains relatively small amounts of these halogen elementscompared to the halogenated solvents and nerve agents addressed in thecited patents. Second, the wide range of properties (e.g., oxidationpotential, solubility of compounds, cost, etc.) of the mediator speciesclaimed in this patent allows selection of a single or mixture ofmediators either avoiding formation of insoluble compounds, easilyrecovering the mediator from the precipitated materials, or beingsufficiently inexpensive so as to allow the simple disposal of theinsoluble compounds as waste, while still maintaining the capability tooxidize (i.e., destroy) the animal waste economically.

The waste destruction process may be monitored by severalelectrochemical and physical methods. First, various cell voltages(e.g., open circuit, anode vs. reference electrode, ion specificelectrode, etc.) yield information about the ratio of oxidized toreduced mediator ion concentrations which may be correlated with theamount of reducing agent (i.e., animal waste) either dissolved in orwetted by the anolyte. Second, if a color change accompanies thetransition of the mediator species between its oxidized and reducedstates (e.g., heteropoly blues, etc.), the rate of decay of the colorassociated with the oxidized state, under zero current conditions, couldbe used as a gross indication of the amount of reducing agent (i.e.,oxidizable waste) present. If no color change occurs in the mediator, itmay be possible to select another mediator to simply serve as theoxidization potential equivalent of a pH indicator. Such an indicator isrequired to have an oxidation potential between that of the workingmediator and the organic species, and a color change associated with theoxidization state transition.

The anolyte reaction chambers 5(a,b,c,d) and buffer tank 20 off-gasconsists of CO₂ and CO from complete and incomplete combustion (i.e.,oxidation) of the carbonaceous material in the animal waste, andpossibly oxygen from oxidation of water molecules at the anode. Standardanesthesiology practice requires these three gases to be routinelymonitored in real time under operating room conditions, while many otherrespiratory related medical practices also require real time monitoringof these gases. Thus, a mature industry exists for the production ofminiaturized gas monitors directly applicable to the continuousquantitative monitoring of anolyte off-gas for the presence ofcombustion products. Although usually not as accurate and requiringlarger samples, monitors for these same gasses are used in the furnaceand boiler service industry for flue gas analysis.

The anolyte is circulated into the reaction chambers 5 (a,b,) and buffertank 20 through the electrochemical cell 25 by pump 19 on the anode 26side of the membrane 27. A membrane 27 in the electrochemical cell 25separates the anolyte portion and catholyte portion of the electrolyte.

Small thermal control units 21 and 22 are connected to the flow streamto heat or cool the anolyte to the selected temperature range. Ifwarranted a heat exchanger 23 can be located immediately upstream fromthe electrochemical cell 25 to lower the anolyte temperature within thecell to the desired level. Another heat exchanger 24 can be locatedimmediately upstream of the anolyte reaction chamber inlet to controlthe anolyte temperature in the reaction chamber to within the desiredtemperature range to affect the desired chemical reactions at thedesired rates.

The electrochemical cell 25 is energized by a DC power supply 29, whichis powered by the AC power supply 30. The DC power supply 29 is lowvoltage high current supply usually operating below 4 v DC but notlimited to that range. The AC power supply 30 operates off a typical 110v AC line for the smaller units and 240 v AC for the larger units.

The oxidizer species population produced by electrochemical generation(i.e., anodic oxidation) of the oxidized form of the redox couplesreferenced herein can be enhanced by conducting the process at lowtemperatures, thereby reducing the rate at which thermally activatedparasitic reactions consume the oxidizer.

Reaction products resulting from the oxidation processes occurring inthe anolyte system (A) that are gaseous at the anolyte operatingtemperature and pressure are discharged to the condenser 13. The moreeasily condensed products of incomplete oxidation are separated in thecondenser 13 from the anolyte off-gas stream and are returned to theanolyte reaction chamber 5(a,b) or the buffer tank 20 for furtheroxidation. The non-condensable incomplete oxidation products (e.g., lowmolecular weight organics, carbon monoxide, etc.) are reduced toacceptable levels for atmospheric release by a gas cleaning system 16.The gas cleaning system 16 is not a necessary component of the MEOapparatus for the destruction of most types of animal waste.

If the gas cleaning system 16 is incorporated into the MEO apparatus,the anolyte off-gas is contacted in a counter current flow gas scrubbingsystem in the off-gas cleaning system 16, wherein the noncondensiblesfrom the condenser 13 are introduced into the lower portion of thecolumn through a flow distribution system of the gas cleaning system 16,and a small side stream of freshly oxidized anolyte direct from theelectrochemical cell 25 is introduced into the upper portion of thecolumn. This results in the gas phase continuously reacting with theoxidizing mediator species as it rises up the column past thedownflowing anolyte. Under these conditions the gas about to exit thetop of the column will have the lowest concentration of oxidizablespecies and also be in contact with the anolyte having the highestconcentration of oxidizer species, thereby promoting reduction of anyair pollutants present down to levels acceptable for release to theatmosphere. Gas-liquid contact within the column may be promoted by anumber of well established methods (e.g., packed column, pulsed flow,ultrasonic mixing, etc,) that does not result in any meaningfulbackpressure within the anolyte flow system. Anolyte exiting the bottomof the countercurrent scrubbing column is discharged into the anolytereaction chamber 5(a,b,c) or buffer tank 20 and mixed with the remainderof the anolyte. Unique waste compositions may result in the generationof unusual gaseous products that could more easily be removed by moretraditional air pollution technologies. Such methodologies could be usedin series with the afore described system as a polishing processtreating the gaseous discharge from the countercurrent column, or ifadvantageous, instead of it. The major products of the oxidation processare CO₂, water, and minor amounts of CO and inorganic salts, where theCO₂ is vented 14 out of the system.

An optional inorganic compound removal and treatment systems 15 is usedshould there be more than trace amount of halogens, or other precipitateforming anions present in the animal waste being processed, therebyprecluding formation of unstable oxycompounds (e.g., perchlorates,etc.).

The MEO process proceeds until complete destruction of the animal wastehas been affected or be modified to stop the process at a point wherethe destruction of the animal waste is incomplete. The reason forstopping the process is that: a) the organic materials are benign and donot need further treatment, or b) the organic materials may be used inthe form they have been reduced and thus would be recovered for thatpurpose. The organic compounds recovery system 17 is used to performthis process.

Catholyte System (B)

The bulk of the catholyte is resident in the catholyte reaction chamber31. The catholyte portion of the electrolyte is circulated by pump 43through the electrochemical cell 25 on the cathode 28 side of themembrane 27. The catholyte portion of the electrolyte flows into acatholyte reservoir 31. Small thermal control units 45 and 46 areconnected to the catholyte flow stream to heat or cool the catholyte tothe selected temperature range.

External air is introduced through an air sparge 37 into the catholytereservoir 31. In the case where nitrogen compounds (such as nitrates)are used in the catholyte, the oxygen contained in the air oxidizes anynitrous acid and the small amounts of nitrogen oxides (NO_(x)), producedby the cathode reactions. Contact of the oxidizing gas with nitrogencompounds (nitrous acid) may be enhanced by using conventionaltechniques for promoting gas/liquid contact such as ultrasonic vibration48, mechanical mixing 35, etc. Systems using non-nitric acid catholytesmay also require air sparging to dilute and remove off-gas such ashydrogen. An off-gas cleaning system 39 is used to remove any unwantedgas products (e.g. NO₂, etc.). The cleaned gas stream, combined with theunreacted components of the air introduced into the system is dischargedthrough the atmospheric vent 47.

Optional anolyte recovery system 41 is positioned on the catholyte side.Some mediator oxidizer ions may cross the membrane 27 and this option isavailable if it is necessary to remove them through the anolyte recoverysystem 41 to maintain process efficiency or cell operability, or theireconomic worth necessitates their recovery. Operating theelectrochemical cell 25 at higher than normal membrane 27 currentdensities (i.e., above about 0.5 amps/cm²) increases the rate of wastedestruction, but also result in increased mediator ion transport throughthe membrane into the catholyte. It may be economically advantageous forthe electrochemical cell 25 to be operated in this mode. It isadvantageous whenever the replacement cost of the mediator species orremoval/recovery costs are less than the cost benefits of increasing thewaste throughput (i.e., oxidation rate) of the electrochemical cell 25.Increasing the capitol cost of expanding the size of the electrochemicalcell 25 can be avoided by using this operational option.

MEO Controller

An operator runs the MEO Apparatus (FIG. 1A) by using the MEO Controllerdepicted in FIG. 2 MEO Controller. The controller 49 with microprocessoris connected to a monitor 51 and a keyboard 53. The operator inputscommands to the controller 49 through the keyboard 53 responding to theinformation displayed on the monitor 51. The controller 49 runs aprogram that sequences the steps for the operation of the MEO apparatus.The program has pre-programmed sequences of standard operations that theoperator may follow or may choose his own sequences of operations. Thecontroller 49 allows the operator to select his own sequences withinlimits that assure a safe and reliable operation. The controller 49sends digital commands that regulates the electrical power (AC 30 and DC29) to the various components in the MEO apparatus; pumps 19 and 43,mixers 7 and 35, thermal controls 21, 22, 45, 46, ultraviolet sources11, ultrasonic sources 9 and 48, CO₂ vent 14, air sparge 37, andelectrochemical cell 25. The controller receives component response andstatus from the components. The controller sends digital commands to thesensors to access sensor information through sensor responses. Thesensors in the MEO apparatus provide digital information on the state ofthe various components. Sensors measure flow rate 59, temperature 61, pH63, CO₂, CO, O₂, venting 65, degree of oxidation 67, air sparge sensor69, etc. The controller 49 receives status information on the electricalpotential (voltmeter 57) across the electrochemical cell, or individualcells if a multi-cell configuration, and between the anode(s) andreference electrodes internal to the cell(s) 25 and the current (ammeter55) flowing between the electrodes within each cell.

Example System Model

A preferred embodiment, MEO System Model 5.b (shown in FIG. 3 MEO SystemModel 5.(b) is sized for use for a small to mid-size application for thedestruction of solids and mixtures of solids and liquid animal wastebeing batch feed. This embodiment depicts a configuration using thesystem apparatus presented in FIGS. 1A and 1C. Other preferredembodiments (representing FIGS. 1B, 1D, and 1E) have differences in theexternal configuration and size but are essentially the same in internalfunction and components as depicted in FIGS. 1A and 1C. The preferredembodiment in FIG. 3 comprises a housing 72 constructed of metal or highstrength plastic surrounding the electrochemical cell 25, theelectrolyte and the foraminous basket 3. The AC power is provided to theAC power supply 30 by the power cord 78. A monitor screen 51 isincorporated into the housing 72 for displaying information about thesystem and about the waste being treated. Additionally, a controlkeyboard 53 is incorporated into the housing 72 for inputtinginformation into the system. The monitor screen 51 and the controlkeyboard 53 may be attached to the system without incorporating theminto the controller housing 71. In a preferred embodiment, status lights73 are incorporated into the housing 72 for displaying information aboutthe status of the treatment of the animal waste material. An air sparge37 is incorporated into the housing 72 to allow air to be introducedinto the catholyte reaction chamber 31 below the surface of thecatholyte. In addition, a CO₂ vent 14 is incorporated into the housing72 to allow for CO₂ release from the anolyte reaction chamber via thegas cleaning system 16 housed within. In a preferred embodiment, thehousing includes means for cleaning out the MEO waste treatment system,including a flush(s) 18 and drain(s) 12 through which the anolyte andcatholyte pass. The preferred embodiment further comprises anatmospheric vent 47 facilitating the releases of gases into theatmosphere from the catholyte reaction chamber 31 via the gas cleaningsystem 39. Other preferred embodiment systems are similar in nature butare scaled up in size to handle a larger capacity of waste, such as aincinerator replacement units.

The system has a control keyboard 53 for input of commands and data. TheOn/Off button 74 is used to turn the apparatus power on and off. Thereis a monitor screen 51 to display the systems operation and functions.Below the keyboard 53 and monitor screen 51 are the status lights 73 foron, off, and standby.

Animal waste is introduced into the anolyte reaction chambers 5(b) asdepicted in FIG. 1C. In the case of solid, mixtures, and batch feedoperation, the hinged lid 1 is opened and the animal waste is depositedin the basket 3 in the chamber 5(b). The top of basket 3 is closed andthe basket 3 is lowered by a lever 36 attached to lid 1 so that theanimal waste is totally submerged in the anolyte. Lid 1 is closed andlid stop 2 keeps the lid opening controlled. The hinged lid 1 isequipped with a locking latch 76 that is operated by the controller 49.A penetrator 34 attached to the basket 3 punctures the solids in thebasket 3 thus increasing the surface area exposed to the oxidizer andproviding mediator flow paths into the interior of the solid waste.

In the chamber 5(b) is the aqueous acid, alkali, or neutral saltelectrolyte and mediated oxidizer species solution in which the oxidizedform of the mediator redox couple initially may be present or may begenerated electrochemically after introduction of the waste andapplication of DC power 29 to the electrochemical cell 25. Similarly,the waste may be introduced when the anolyte is at or below roomtemperature, operating temperature or some optimum intermediatetemperature. DC power supply 29 provides direct current to anelectrochemical cell 25. Pump 19 circulates the anolyte portion of theelectrolyte and the animal waste material is rapidly oxidized attemperatures below 100° C. and at ambient pressure. An in-line filter 6prevents solid particles large enough to clog the electrochemical cell25 flow paths from exiting this reaction chambers 5(b). The oxidationprocess continues to break the materials down into smaller and smallermolecules until the products are CO₂, water, and some CO and inorganicsalts. Any residue is pacified in the form of a salt and may beperiodically removed through the Inorganic Compound Removal andTreatment System 15 and drain outlets 12. The basic design of the MEOapparatus permits the user to change the type of electrolyte withouthaving to alter the equipment in the apparatus. The changing of theelectrolyte is accomplished by using the drain(s) 12 and flush(s) 18 orby opening the anolyte reaction chamber 5(b) and catholyte reactionchamber 31 to introduce the electrolyte(s). The ability to change thetype of electrolyte(s) allows the user to tailor the MEO process todiffering waste properties. The catholyte reservoir 31 has a screwed top33 (shown in FIG. 1A), which allow access to the reservoir 31 forcleaning and maintenance by service personnel.

The MEO process advantageous properties of low power consumption andvery low loses of the mediated oxidizer species and electrolyte, provideas an option for the device to be operated at a low power level duringthe day to achieve a slow rate of destruction of the animal wastethroughout the day. While the MEO apparatus is in this mode, animalwaste is added as it is generated throughout the day and the unit placedin full activation during non-business hours.

The compactness of the device makes it ideal for small and mid-sizeapplications as well as being suitable for use with high volume inputsof industrial processes activities. The process operates at lowtemperature and ambient atmospheric pressure and does not generate toxiccompounds during the destruction of the animal waste, making the processindoors compatible. The system is scalable to a unit large enough tohandle a major commercial operation. The CO₂ oxidation product from theanolyte system A is vented out the CO₂ vent 14. The off-gas productsfrom the catholyte system B is vented through the atmospheric air vent47.

Steps of the Operation of the MEO System Model 5.b

The steps of the operation of the MEO process are depicted in FIG. 4 MEOSystem Model 5.b Operational Steps. These operational steps arepresented to illustrate the operation of one of the MEO apparatus' fromthe four configurations previously discussed for oxidizing the varioustypes of animal waste. When other anolyte reaction chambers 5(a,c,d)configurations are used the series of steps would be similar to the onesfor FIG. 1C which covers solids, mixtures of solids and liquids beingprocessed in a batch feed mode.

This MEO apparatus is contained in the housing 72. The MEO system isstarted 81 by the operator engaging the ‘ON’ button 74 on the controlkeyboard 53. The system controller 49, which contains a microprocessor,runs the program that controls the entire sequence of operations 82. Themonitor screen 51 displays the steps of the process in the propersequence. The status lights 73 on the panel provide the status of theMEO apparatus (e.g. on, off, ready, standby).

The animal waste is introduced into the anolyte reaction chambers 5(b)as depicted in FIG. 1C. In the case of solids, mixtures, and batchoperation, lid 1 is opened and the animal waste (which can be in liquid,solid, and a mixture) is placed 83 in the basket 3, whereupon the solidportion of the waste is retained and the liquid portion flows throughthe basket and into the anolyte. The locking latch 76 is activated.

The pumps 19 and 43 begin circulation 85 of the anolyte 87 and catholyte89, respectively. As soon as the electrolyte circulation is establishedthroughout the system, the mixers 7 and 35 begin to operate 91 and 93.Depending upon waste characteristics (e.g., reaction kinetics, heat ofreaction, etc.) it may be desirable to introduce the waste into a roomtemperature or cooler anolyte system with little or none of the mediatorredox couple in the oxidized form. Once flow is established the thermalcontrols units 21, 22, 45, and 46 are turned on 95/97, initiatingpredetermined anodic oxidation and electrolyte heating programs.

The electrochemical cell 25 is energized 94 (by electrochemical cellcommands 56) to apply the correct voltage and current as is monitored bythe voltmeter 57 and ammeter 55 determined by the controller program. Byusing programmed electrical power levels and electrolyte temperature itis possible to maintain a predetermined waste destruction rate profilesuch as a relatively constant reaction rate as the more reactive wastecomponents are oxidized, thus resulting in the remaining waste becomingless and less reactive, thereby requiring more and more vigorousoxidizing conditions.

The ultrasonic sources 9 and 48 and ultraviolet systems 11 are activated99 and 101 in the anolyte reaction chambers 5(b) and catholyte reactionchamber 31 respectively, if those options are chosen in the controllerprogram.

The CO₂ vent 14 is activated 103 to release CO₂ from the animal wasteoxidation process in the anolyte reaction chambers 5(b). Air sparge 37draws air 105 into the catholyte reservoir 31, and the air is dischargedout the atmospheric vent 47. The progress of the destruction process maybe monitored in the controller (oxidation sensor 67) by various cellvoltages and currents 55, 57 (e.g., open circuit, anode vs. referenceelectrode, ion specific electrodes, etc,) as well as monitoring anolyteoff-gas (using the sensor 65) composition for CO₂, CO and oxygencontent.

When the oxidation sensors 65 and 67 determine the desired degree ofwaste destruction has been obtained 107, the system goes to standby 109.The system operator executes system shutdown 111 using the controllerkeyboard 53.

EXAMPLES

The following examples illustrate the application of the process and theapparatus.

Example (1) Destruction of Swine Manure

The environmental effects of swine manure storage systems andapplication methods are a concern, particularly with respect to surfacewater and ground water quality and to air quality as affected by odorsand gaseous emissions from large-scale swine production operations. Over50% of the swine production is done in confined quarters and theresulting manure is placed in anaerobic lagoons. The manure nitrogen isconverted into ammonia in these lagoons and is lost to the atmosphere.

The swine diet is formulated with corn and/or grain sorghum and soymeal. Vitamins and minerals are added to the feed to makeup for anydeficiency in the basic grain composition. The manure is a relativelyhomogeneous composition for the swine in confined areas. A sample ofboth air-dried and fresh moist manure was collected for test purposes.Each of the two samples was tested in the MEO apparatus separately. TheMEO apparatus was operated at 50° C. for both samples. The swine manurewas totally destroyed producing water and CO₂. There was a small amountof inorganic salt remaining in the settling tank of the MEO apparatusafter completion of the destruction.

Example (2) Efficient and Environmentally Safe Products

The MEO process produces CO₂, water, and trace inorganic salts all ofwhich are considered benign for introduction into the environment byregulatory agencies. The cost of using the MEO process in this inventionis competitive with both the incineration and landfill methodologies.The MEO process is uniquely suited for destruction of animal wastebecause water, which constitutes a major portion of this waste (e.g.,tissue, bodies fluids, etc.) is either benign or actually a source ofsecondary oxidizing species, rather than parasitic reactions competingfor the mediator oxidizing species. Furthermore, the energy that must beprovided in the MEO process to heat the waste stream water componentfrom ambient to the electrolyte operating temperature (i.e., 80° C.maximum temperature increase) is trivial compared to the water enthalpyincrease required in autoclave or incineration based processes.

Example (3) Benign In-door Operation

The system is unique relative to earlier art, since it is built tooperate in an indoor environment such as a production or assembly linewhere it must be compatible with people working in close proximity tothe system. The system is suitable for indoor use in spaces inhabited bypersonnel as well as for industrial workspaces similar to an incineratorbuilding.

Example (4) Inheritantly Safe Operation

The system is built to require limited operating skill. The systemcontroller is programmed to guide the operator through the normaloperating cycle as well as the various options available. The system isaccessible during its operating cycle so that additional animal wastemay be added to waste in process, while remaining compatible with theroom environment. When new animal waste is to be added to the systemduring operation the operator selects that option. The system controllerrecycles the system operational steps back to step 83. It deactivatessteps 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 101 and maintains steps 103and 105 in their active mode. The controller releases the locking latch76 and the operator adds additional animal waste. After he has completedthe addition he selects the restart option. The system recycles backthrough these steps to continue the processing of the waste.

Example (5) Chemical Reactions are Safe

The system is built to operate with materials that are safe to handle inthe environment in which it is to be used. The animal waste containslittle or no substances that react with our choice of electrolytes toproduce volatile compounds that offer a problem in the room environment.The system may operate at temperatures from approximately 0° C. toslightly less then the boiling point of the electrolyte (i.e., usuallyless then 100° C.) and at ambient atmospheric pressure, which adds tothe indoor compatibility.

Example (6) A Green Machine

The simplicity of the new system built for use with animal wasteproduces a system more economically to operate and cleaner to use thanexisting waste treatments. The system complexity is reduced bycomparison to previous MEO systems, since there is not a requirement todeal with large quantities of halogens. The system is truly a ‘greenmachine’ in the sense of an environmentally benign system.

Example (7) System Flexibility

The system is built so that the composition of the electrolyte may bechanged to adapt the system to a selected composition of the animalwaste stream. Different types of animal waste can be processed by thesame system by either using the same electrolyte or replacing themediator and electrolyte (either or both the catholyte and anolyte) moresuitable for the alternative animal waste. The system is configured withports to flush and drain the anolyte and catholyte separately

Example (8) System By-Products are Safe

The system flexibility provides for the introduction of more then onemediator ion resulting in marked improvement in the efficiency of theelectrolyte. Furthermore, the wide choice of mediators listed in Table Ior available as POMs, and electrolytes in this patent, desensitizes thesystem to the formation of participates in solution (i.e. allowsincreased ease in preventing formation of unstable oxy compounds).

While the invention has been described with reference to specificembodiments, modifications and variations of the invention may beconstructed without departing from the scope of the invention, which isdefined in the following characteristics and features.

The invention provides the following new characteristics and features:

-   1. A process for treating and oxidizing animal waste materials    comprising disposing an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell,    separating the electrolyte into an anolyte portion and a catholyte    portion with an ion-selective membrane or semipermeable membrane    applying a direct current voltage between the anolyte portion and    the catholyte portion, placing the animal waste materials in the    anolyte portion, and oxidizing the animal waste materials in the    anolyte portion with a mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO)    process, wherein the anolyte portion further comprises a mediator in    aqueous solution and the electrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkaline    aqueous solution.-   2. The process of paragraph 1, wherein:

a. the anolyte portion further comprises one or more simple anionsmediator ion species selected from the group described in Table I (inthe aqueous solution and the electrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkalinesolution;

b. the oxidizing species are selected from one or more Type Iisopolyanions (i.e., complex anion redox couple mediators) containingtungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, or combinationsthereof as addenda atoms in aqueous solution and the electrolyte is anacid, neutral or alkaline aqueous solution;

c. the oxidizing species are selected from one or more Type Iheteropolyanions formed by incorporation into the aforementionedisopolyanions, as heteroatoms, any of the elements listed in Table II,either singly or in combination thereof in the aqueous solutions and theelectrolyte is an acid, neutral, or alkaline aqueous solution;

d. the oxidizing species are selected from one or more of anyheteropolyanions containing at least one heteroatom type (i.e., element)contained in both Table I and Table II in the aqueous solutions and theelectrolyte is an acid, neutral, or alkaline aqueous solution;

e. the oxidizing species are selected from combinations of anion redoxcouple mediators from any or all of the previous four subparagraphs(2a., 2b., 2c., and 2d.);

f. adding stabilizing compounds to the electrolyte such as tellurate orperiodate ions which serve to overcome and stabilize the short lifetimeof the oxidized form of the higher oxidation state species of the simpleand complex anion redox couple mediators;

g. each of the species has normal valence states and higher valenceoxidizing states and further comprising creating the higher valenceoxidizing states of the oxidizing species by stripping electrons fromnormal valence state species in the electrochemical cell;

h. the oxidizing species are “super oxidizers” (SO) typically exhibitoxidation potentials at least equal to that of the Ce⁺³/Ce⁺⁴ redoxcouple (i.e., 1.7 volts at 1 molar, 25° C. and pH 1) which are redoxcouple species that have the capability of producing free radicals suchas hydroxyl or perhydroxyl and further comprising creating secondaryoxidizers by reacting the SO's with water;

i. using an alkaline solution for aiding decomposing of the animal wastematerials derived from the saponification (i.e., base promoted esterhydrolysis) of fatty acids to form water soluble alkali metal salts ofthe fatty acids (i.e., soaps) and glycerin, a process similar to theproduction of soap from animal fat by introducing it into a hot aqueouslye solution;

j. using an alkaline anolyte solution that absorbs CO₂ forming fromoxidation of the animal waste sodium bicarbonate/carbonate solutionwhich subsequently circulates through the electrochemical cell,producing a percarbonate oxidizer;

k. using oxidizing species from the MEO process inorganic free radicalsgenerated in aqueous solutions from species such as but not limited tocarbonate, azide, nitrite, nitrate, phosphite, phosphate, sulfite,sulfate, selenite, thiocyanate, chloride, bromide, iodide, and formateoxidizing species;

l. the regeneration of the oxidizer part of the redox couple in theanolyte portion is done within the electrochemical cell;

m. the membrane (separator between anolyte and catholyte solutions) canbe microporous plastic, sintered glass frit, etc.;

n. the impression of an AC voltage upon the DC voltage to retard theformation of cell performance limiting surface films on the electrode;

o. disposing a foraminous basket in the anolyte;

p. adding oxygen (this is necessary only for HNO₃ ⁻ or NO₃ ⁻ salts) tothe catholyte portion;

q. the oxidizer species addressed in this patent are described in: TableI (simple anions); Type I isopolyanions containing tungsten, molybdenum,vanadium, niobium, tantalum, or combinations thereof as addenda atoms;Type I heteropolyanions formed by incorporation into the aforementionedisoopolyanions, as heteroatoms, any of the elements listed in Table II,either singly or in combinations thereof; or any heteropolyanionscontaining at least one heteroatom type (i.e., element) contained inboth Table I and Table II;

r. lower the temperature (e.g. between 0° C. and room temperature) ofthe anolyte before it enters the electrochemical cell to enhance thegeneration of the oxidized form of the anion redox couple mediator;

s. raise the temperature of the anolyte entering the anolyte reactionchamber to affect the desired chemical reactions at the desired ratesfollowing the lowering of the temperature of the anolyte entering theelectrochemical cell;

t. the evolved oxygen from the anode is feed to a hydrogen fuelapparatus to increase the percentage oxygen available from the ambientair.

-   3. The process of paragraph 1, wherein:

a. introducing an ultrasonic energy into the anolyte portion rupturingcell membranes in the biological waste materials by momentarily raisinglocal temperature within the cell membranes with the ultrasonic energyto above several thousand degrees and causing cell membrane failure;

b. introducing ultraviolet energy into the anolyte portion anddecomposing hydrogen peroxide and ozone into hydroxyl free radicalstherein, thereby increasing efficiency of the MEO process by convertingproducts of electron consuming parasitic reactions (i.e., ozone andhydrogen peroxide) into viable free radical (i.e., secondary) oxidizerswithout the consumption of additional electrons;

c. using a surfactant to be added to the anolyte promote dispersion ofthe animal waste or intermediate stage reaction products within theaqueous solution when these animal waste or reaction products are notwater-soluble and tend to form immisible layers;

d. using simple and/or complex redox couple mediators, and attackingspecific organic molecules with the oxidizing species while operating atlow temperatures thus preventing the formation of dioxins and furans;

e. breaking down animal waste materials into organic compounds andattacking the organic compounds using either the simple and/or complexanion redox couple mediator or inorganic free radicals to generatingorganic free radicals;

f. raising normal valence state anions to a higher valence state andstripping the normal valence state anions of electrons in theelectrochemical cell; [The oxidized forms of any other redox couplespresent are produced either by similar anodic oxidation or reaction withthe oxidized form of other redox couples present. The oxidized speciesof the redox couples oxidize the animal waste molecules and arethemselves converted to their reduced form, whereupon they arereoxidized by either of the aforementioned mechanisms and the redoxcycle continues]

g. circulating anions through an electrochemical cell to affect theanodic oxidation of the reduced form of the reversible redox couple intothe oxidized form;

h. contacting anions with animal waste materials in the anolyte portion;

i. circulating anions through the electrochemical cell;

j. involving anions with an oxidation potential above a threshold valueof 1.7 volts (i.e., super oxidizer) in a secondary oxidation process andproducing oxidizers;

k. adding a ultraviolet (UV) energy source to the anolyte portion andaugmenting secondary oxidation processes, breaking down hydrogenperoxide and ozone into hydroxyl free radicals, and thus increasing theoxidation processes; and

l. the oxidizer species addressed in this patent are described in TableI (simple anions redox couple mediators): Type I IPAs formed by Mo, W,V, Nb, Ta, or mixtures there of; Type I HPAs formed by incorporationinto the aforementioned IPAs if any of the elements listed in Table II(heteroatoms) either singly or in thereof; Or any HPA containing atleast one heteroatom type (i.e., element) contained in both Table I andTable II or combinations mediator species from any or all of thesegeneric groups.

-   4. The process of paragraph 1, further comprising:

a. using oxidizer species that are found in situ in the, waste to bedestroyed, by circulating the waste-anolyte mixture through anelectrochemical cell where the oxidized form of the in situ reversibleredox couple formed by anodic oxidation or alternately reacting with theoxidized form of a more powerful redox couple, if added to the anolyteand anodically oxidized in the electrochemical cell, thereby destroyingthe animal waste material;

b. using an alkaline electrolyte, such as but not limited to NaOH or KOHwith mediator species wherein the reduced form of said mediator redoxcouple displays sufficient solubility in said electrolyte to allow thedesired oxidation of the animal waste to proceed at a practical rate.The oxidation potential of redox reactions producing hydrogen ions(i.e., both mediator species and organic waste molecules reactions) areinversely proportional to the electrolyte pH, thus with the properselection of a mediator redox couple, it is possible, by increasing theelectrolyte pH, to minimize the electric potential required to affectthe desired oxidation process, thereby reducing the electric powerconsumed per unit mass of animal waste destroyed;

c. the aqueous solution is chosen from acids such as but not limited tonitric acid, sulfuric acid, or phosphoric acid, or mixtures thereof; oralkalines such as but not limited to of sodium hydroxide or potassiumhydroxide, or mixtures thereof, or neutral electrolytes, such as but notlimited to sodium or potassium nitrates, sulfates, or phosphates ormixtures thereof; and

d. the use of ultrasonic energy induce microscopic bubble implosionwhich is used to affect a desired reduction in sized of the individualsecond phase waste volumes dispersed in the anolyte.

-   5. The process of paragraph 1, further comprising:

a. interchanging oxidizing species in a preferred embodiment withoutchanging equipment; and

b. the electrolyte is acid, neutral, or alkaline in aqueous solution.

-   6. The process of paragraph 1, further comprising:

a. separating the anolyte portion and the catholyte portion with aion-selective or semi-permeable membrane, or microporous polymermembrane, ceramic membrane, or sintered glass frit, or other similarmembrane;

b. applying an externally induced electrical potential induced betweenthe anode(s) and cathode(s) plates of the electrochemical cell at aelectrical potential sufficient to form the oxidized form of the redoxcouple having the highest oxidation potential in the anolyte;

c. introducing animal waste materials into the anolyte portion;

d. forming the reduced form of one or more reversible redox couples bycontacting with oxidizable molecules, the reaction with which oxidizesthe oxidizable material with the concuminent reduction of the oxidizedform of the reversible redox couples to their reduced form;

e. the ultrasonic source connected to the anolyte for augmentingsecondary oxidation processes by momentarily heating the hydrogenperoxide in the electrolyte to 4800° C. at 1000 atmospheres therebydissociating the hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl free radicals thusincreasing the oxidation processes;

f. oxidation potentials of redox reactions producing hydrogen ions areinversely related to pH;

g. the process is performed at a temperature from slightly above 0° C.to slightly below the boiling point of the electrolyte usually less then100° C.;

h. the temperature at which the process is performed is varied;

i. the treating and oxidizing animal waste comprises treating andoxidizing solid waste;

j. the treating and oxidizing animal waste comprises treating andoxidizing liquid waste;

k. the treating and oxidizing animal waste comprises treating and

l. removing and treating precipitates resulting from combinations ofoxidizing species and other species released from the animal wasteduring destruction.

-   7. The process of paragraph 1, further comprising that it is not    necessary for both the anolyte and catholyte solutions to contain    the same electrolyte rather each electrolyte system may be    independent of the other, consisting of an aqueous solution of    acids, typically but not limited to nitric, sulfuric or phosphoric;    alkali, typically but not limited to sodium or potassium hydroxide;    or neutral salt, typically but not limited to sodium or potassium    salts of the afore mentioned strong acids.-   8. The process of paragraph 1, further comprising the operating of    the electrochemical cell at a current density greater then 0.5 amp    per square centimeter across the membrane, eventhough this is the    limit over which there is the possibility that metallic anions may    leak through the membrane in small quantities, and recovering the    metallic anions through a devise such as a resin column thus    allowing a greater rate of destruction of materials in the anolyte    chamber.-   9. The process of paragraph 1, wherein:

a. the catholyte solution further comprises an aqueous solution and theelectrolyte in the solution is composed of acids, typically but notlimited to nitric, sulfuric or phosphoric; or alkali, typically but notlimited to sodium or potassium hydroxide; or neutral salt, typically butnot limited to sodium or potassium salts of the afore mentioned strongacids;

b. adding oxygen (this is necessary only for HNO₃ ⁻ or NO₃ ⁻ salts) tothe catholyte portion;

c. concentration of electrolyte in the catholyte is governed by itseffect upon the conductivity of the catholyte solution desired in theelectrochemical cell;

d. ultrasonic energy induced microscopic bubble implosion is used toaffect vigorous mixing in the catholyte solution where it is desirableto oxidize nitric acid and the small amounts of nitrogen oxides whennitric acid is used in the catholyte electrolyte;

e. mechanical mixing is used to affect vigorous mixing in the catholytesolution where it is desirable to oxidize nitric acid and the smallamounts of nitrogen oxides;

f. air is introduced into the catholyte solution to promote oxidation ofnitric acid and the small amounts of nitrogen oxides when nitric acid isused in the catholyte electrolyte;

g. air is introduced into the catholyte solution to dilute any hydrogenproduced in the catholyte solution before being released; and

h. hydrogen gas evolving from the cathode is feed to an apparatus thatuses hydrogen as a fuel such as a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuelcell.

-   10. An apparatus for treating and oxidizing animal waste materials    comprising an electrochemical cell, an electrolyte disposed in the    electrochemical cell, an ion-selective or semipermeable membrane,    disposed in the electrochemical cell for separating the cell into    anolyte and catholyte chambers and separating the electrolyte into    anolyte and catholyte portions, electrodes further comprising an    anode(s) and a cathode(s) disposed in the electrochemical cell    respectively in the anolyte and catholyte chambers and in the    anolyte and catholyte portions of the electrolyte, a power supply    connected to the anode(s) and the cathode(s) for applying a direct    current voltage between the anolyte and the catholyte portions of    the electrolyte, and oxidizing of the animal waste materials in the    anolyte portion with a mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO)    process wherein the anolyte portion further comprises a mediator in    aqueous solution and the electrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkaline    aqueous solution.-   11. The apparatus of paragraph 10, wherein:

a. adding stabilizing compounds to the electrolyte such as tellurate orperiodate ions which serve to overcome and stabilize the short lifetimeof the oxidized form of the higher oxidation state species of the simpleand complex anion redox couple mediators;

b. the oxidizer species addressed in this patent are described in TableI (simple anions redox couple mediators);

c. the oxidizer species addressed in this patent are; Type I IPAs formedby Mo, W, V, Nb, Ta, or mixtures there of; Type I HPAs formed byincorporation into the aforementioned IPAs if any of the elements listedin Table II (heteroatoms) either singly or in thereof; Or any HPAcontaining at least one heteroatom type (i.e., element) contained inboth Table I and Table II;

d. the oxidizer species addressed in this patent are combinationsmediator species from any or all of these generic groups;

e. the oxidizing species are super oxidizers and further comprisingcreating secondary oxidizers by reacting the super oxidizers with theaqueous anolyte;

f. an alkaline solution for aiding decomposing the animal wastematerials;

g. an alkaline solution for absorbing CO₂ and forming alkali metalbicarbonate/carbonate for circulating through the electrochemical cellfor producing a percarbonate oxidizer;

h. using oxidizing species from the MEO process inorganic free radicalsgenerated in aqueous solutions derived from carbonate, azide, nitrite,nitrate, phosphite, phosphate, sulfite, sulfate, selenite, thiocyanate,chloride, bromide, iodide, and formate oxidizing species;

i. organic free radicals for aiding the MEO process and breaking downthe organic waste materials into simpler (i.e., smaller molecularstructure) organic compounds;

j. anions with an oxidation potential above a threshold value of 1.7volts (i.e., super oxidizer) for involving in a secondary oxidationprocess for producing oxidizers;

k. the use of Ultrasonic energy induce microscopic bubble implosionwhich is used to affect a desired reduction in sized of the individualsecond phase waste volumes dispersed in the anolyte;

l. membrane is ion-selective or semi-permeable (i.e., microporousplastic, ceramic, sintered glass frit, etc.);

m. with the possible impression of an AC voltage upon the DC voltage toretard the formation of cell performance limiting surface films on theelectrode; and

n. external air is introduced through an air sparge into the catholytereservoir where oxygen contained in the air oxidizes nitrogen compoundsproduced by the cathode reactions (this is necessary only when nitrogencompounds can occur in the catholyte).

-   12. The apparatus of paragraph 10, wherein:

a. each of the oxidizing species has normal valence states (i.e.,reduced form of redox couple) and higher valence oxidizing states andfurther comprising creating the higher valence oxidizing states (i.e.,oxidized form of redox couple) of the oxidizing species by stripping andreducing electrons off normal valence state species in theelectrochemical cell;

b. using species that are usable in alkaline solutions since oxidationpotentials of redox reactions producing hydrogen ions are inverselyrelated to pH which reduces the electrical power required to destroy theanimal waste;

c. further oxidizing species, and attacking specific organic moleculeswith the oxidizing species while operating at temperatures sufficientlylow so as to preventing the formation of dioxins and furans;

d. energizing the electrochemical cell at a voltage level sufficient toform the oxidized form of the redox couple having the highest oxidationpotential in the anolyte;

e. lower the temperature (e.g. between 0° C. and room temperature) ofthe anolyte with the heat exchanger before it enters the electrochemicalcell to enhance the generation of the oxidized form of the anion redoxcouple mediator; and

f. raise the temperature of the anolyte entering the anolyte reactionchamber with the heat exchanger to affect the desired chemical reactionsat the desired rates following the lowering of the temperature of theanolyte entering the electrochemical cell.

-   13. The apparatus of paragraph 10, wherein:

a. the oxidizing species are one or more Type I isopolyanions (i.e.,complex anion redox couple mediators) containing tungsten, molybdenum,vanadium, niobium, tantalum, or combinations thereof as addenda atoms inaqueous solution and the electrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkalineaqueous solution;

b. the oxidizing species are one or more Type I heteropolyanions formedby incorporation into the aforementioned isopolyanions, as heteroatoms,any of the elements listed in Table II, either singly or in combinationthereof in the aqueous solutions and the electrolyte is an acid,neutral, or alkaline aqueous solution;

c. the oxidizing species are one or more of any heteropolyanionscontaining at least one heteroatom type (i.e., element) contained inboth Table I and Table II in the aqueous solutions and the electrolyteis an acid, neutral, or alkaline aqueous solution;

d. the oxidizing species are combinations of anion redox couplemediators from any or all of the previous three subparagraphs (13a.,13b., 13c);

e. the oxidizing species are higher valence state of species found insitu for destroying the animal waste material; and

f. the electrolyte is an acid, neutral, or alkaline aqueous solution.

-   14. The apparatus of paragraph 10, further comprising:

a. the aqueous solution is chosen from acids such as but not limited tonitric acid, sulfuric acid, or phosphoric acid; alkalines such as butnot limited to sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide; or neutralelectrolytes such as but not limited to sodium or potassium nitrates,sulfates, or phosphates;

b. with a ion-selective or semi-permeable (i.e., microporous plastic,ceramic, sintered glass frit, etc.). membrane for separating the anolyteportion and the catholyte portion while allowing hydrogen or hydroniumion passage from the anolyte to the catholyte;

c. oxidation potentials of redox reactions producing hydrogen ions areinversely related to pH;

d. the animal waste is liquid waste;

e. the animal waste is solid waste

e. the animal waste is a combination of liquids and solids andnon-animal waste; and

f. oxidizing species may be interchanged in a preferred embodimentwithout changing equipment.

-   15. The apparatus of paragraph 10, further comprising:

a. a anolyte reaction chamber(s) 5(b,c) and buffer tank 20 housing thebulk of the anolyte portion and the foraminous basket 3;

b. a anolyte reaction chamber 5(a) housing the bulk of the anolyteportion;

c. a anolyte reaction chamber 5(d) and buffer tank 20 housing the bulkof the anolyte portion;

d. an input pump 10 is attached to the anolyte reaction chamber 5(a) toenter liquid animal waste into the anolyte reaction chamber 5(a);

e. a spray head 4(a) and a stream head 4(b) attached to the tubingcoming from the electrochemical cell 25 that inputs the anolytecontaining the oxidizer into the anolyte reaction chamber(s) 5(a,b,c)and buffer tank 20 in such a manner as to promote mixing of the incominganolyte with the anolyte already in the anolyte reaction chambers(s)5(a,b,c);

f. a anolyte reaction chamber(s) 5(b,c) houses a foraminous basket 3with a top that holds solid forms of the animal waste in theelectrolyte;

g. a hinged lid 1 attached to the anolyte reaction chamber(s) 5(a,b,c)allowing insertion of waste into the anolyte portion as liquid, solid,or a mixture of liquids and solids;

h. the lid 1 contains an locking latch 76 to secure the anolyte reactionchamber(s) 5(a,b,c) during operation;

i. a suction pump 8 is attached to buffer tank 20 to pump anolyte to theanolyte reaction chamber(s) 5(c,d);

j. an input pump 10 to pump anolyte from the anolyte reaction chamber(s)5(c,d) back into the buffer tank 20; and

k. an air pump 32 to pump off gases from the anolyte reaction chamber(s)5(c,d) back into the buffer tank 20 for further oxidation.

-   16. The apparatus of paragraph 10, further comprising:

a. an ultraviolet source 11 connected to the anolyte reaction chamber(s)5(a,b,c) and buffer tank 20 and decomposing hydrogen peroxide and ozoneinto hydroxyl free radicals therein and increasing efficiency of the MEOprocess by recovering energy through the oxidation of the animal wastematerials in the anolyte chamber by these secondary oxidizers;

b. an ultrasonic source 9 connected to the anolyte reaction chamber(s)5(a,b,c) and buffer tank 20 for augmenting secondary oxidation processesby heating the hydrogen peroxide containing electrolyte to produceextremely short lived and localized conditions of 4800° C. and 1000atmospheres pressure within the anolyte to dissociate hydrogen peroxideinto hydroxyl free radicals thus increasing the oxidation processes;

c. an ultrasonic energy 9 source connected into the anolyte reactionchamber(s) 5(a,b,c) and buffer tank 20 for irradiating cell membranes inanimal waste materials by momentarily raising temperature within thecell membranes and causing cell membrane fail and rupture thus creatinggreater exposure of cell contents to oxidizing species in the anolyte;

d. the use of ultrasonic energy for mixing material in the anolyte, viathe ultrasonic energy source 9, to induce microscopic bubble implosionwhich is used to affect a desired reduction in sized of the individualsecond phase waste volumes and disperse throughout the anolyte;

e. a mixer 35 for stirring the anolyte connected to the anolyte reactionchamber(s) 5(a,b,c) and the buffer tank 20;

f. a CO₂ vent 14 for releasing CO₂ atmospherically;

g. the penetrator 34 is attached to the basket 3 in anolyte reactionchamber(s) 5(b,c) to puncture any solids;

h. an inorganic compounds removal and treatment system 15 connected tothe anolyte reaction chamber(s) 5(a,b,c) and buffer tank 20 is usedshould there be more than trace amount of chlorine, or other precipitateforming anions present in the animal waste being processed, therebyprecluding formation of unstable oxycompounds (e.g., perchlorates,etc.);

i. an gas cleaning system 16 comprises scrubber/absorption columns;

j. the condenser 13 connected to the anolyte reaction chamber(s)5(a,b,c) and buffer tank 20;

k) non-condensable incomplete oxidation products (e.g., low molecularweight organics, carbon monoxide, etc.) are reduced to acceptable levelsfor atmospheric release by a gas cleaning system 16;

l. gas cleaning system 16 is not a necessary component of the MEOapparatus for the destruction of most types of animal waste;

m. when the gas cleaning system 16 is incorporated into the MEOapparatus, the anolyte off-gas is contacted in a gas cleaning system 16wherein the noncondensibles from the condenser 13 are introduced intothe lower portion of the gas cleaning system 16 through a flowdistribution system and a small side stream of freshly oxidized anolytedirect from the electrochemical cell 25 is introduced into the upperportion of the column, this results in the gas phase continuouslyreacting with the oxidizing mediator species as it rises up the columnpast the downflowing anolyte;

n. external drain 12, for draining to the organic compound removalsystem 17 and the inorganic compounds removal and treatment system 15,and for draining the anolyte system;

o. organic compounds recovery system 17 is used to recover a) organicmaterials that are benign and do not need further treatment, and b)organic materials that is used in the form they have been reduced andthus would be recovered for that purpose;

p. small thermal control units 21 and 22 are connected to the flowstream to heat or cool the anolyte to the selected temperature range;

q. anolyte is circulated into the anolyte reaction chamber(s) 5(a,b,c,d)and buffer tank 20 through the electrochemical cell 25 by pump 19 on theanode 26 side of the membrane 27;

r. a flush(s) 18 for flushing the anolyte and catholyte systems;

s. filter 6 is located at the base of the anolyte reaction chambers5(a,b,c,d) and buffer tank 20 to limit the size of the solid particlesto approximately 1 mm in diameter;

t. membrane 27 in the electrochemical cell 25 separates the anolyteportion and catholyte portion of the electrolyte;

u. electrochemical cell 25 is energized by a DC power supply 29, whichis powered by the AC power supply 30;

v. DC power supply 29 is low voltage high current supply usuallyoperating below 4 v DC but not limited to that range;

w. AC power supply 29 operates off a typical 110 v AC line for thesmaller units and 240 v AC for the larger units;

x. electrolyte containment boundary is composed of materials resistantto the oxidizing electrolyte (e.g., stainless steel, PTFE, PTFE linedtubing, glass, etc.); and

y. an electrochemical cell 25 connected to the anolyte reactionchamber(s) 5(a,b,c) and buffer tank 20.

-   17. The apparatus of paragraph 10, wherein:

a. in the anolyte reaction chambers 5(a,b,c) and buffer tank 20 is theaqueous acid, alkali, or neutral salt electrolyte and mediated oxidizerspecies solution in which the oxidizer form of the mediator redox coupleinitially may be present or may be generated electrochemically afterintroduction of the waste and application of DC power 29 to theelectrochemical cell 25;

b. waste is introduced when the anolyte is at room temperature,operating temperature or some optimum intermediate temperature;

c. DC power supply 29 provides direct current to an electrochemical cell25;

d. pump 19 circulates the anolyte portion of the electrolyte and theanimal waste material is rapidly oxidized at temperatures below 100° C.and ambient pressure;

e. in-line filter 6 prevents solid particles large enough to clog theelectrochemical cell 25 flow paths from exiting this reaction chambers5(a,b,c,d) and buffer tank 20;

f. residue is pacified in the form of a salt and may be periodicallyremoved through the Inorganic Compound Removal and Treatment System 15and drain outlets 12;

g. electrolyte may be changed through this same plumbing forintroduction into the reaction chambers 5(a,b,c) and buffer tank 20 and31;

h. the process operates at low temperature and ambient atmosphericpressure and does not generate toxic compounds during the destruction ofthe animal waste, making the process indoors compatible;

i. the system is scalable to a unit large for a large industrialapplication; and

j. CO₂ oxidation product from the anolyte system A is vented out the CO₂vent 14.

-   18. The apparatus of paragraph 10, wherein:

a. an anolyte recovery system 41 connected to the catholyte pump (43);

b. a thermal control unit 45 connected to the catholyte reservoir forvarying the temperature of the catholyte portion;

c. a catholyte reservoir 31 connected to the cathode portion of theelectrochemical cell;

d. bulk of the catholyte is resident in the catholyte reaction chamber31;

e. catholyte portion of the electrolyte flows into a catholyte reservoir31;

f. an air sparge 37 connected to the catholyte reservoir 31 forintroducing air into the catholyte reservoir 31;

g. an anolyte recovery system 41 for capturing the anions and forreintroducing the anions into the anolyte chamber(s) 5(a,b,c) and buffertank 20 or disposal from the catholyte electrolyte;

h. an off gas cleaning system 39 for cleaning gases before release intothe atmosphere connected to the catholyte reservoir 31;

i. an atmospheric vent 47 for releasing gases into the atmosphereconnected to the off gas cleaning system 39;

j. cleaned gas from the off gas cleaning system 39 is combined withunreacted components of the air introduced into the system anddischarged through the atmospheric vent 47;

k. a catholyte reservoir 31 has a screwed top 33 (shown in FIG. 1A),which allow access to the reservoir 31 for cleaning and maintenance byservice personnel;

l. a mixer 35 for stirring the catholyte connected to the catholytereservoir 31;

m. a catholyte pump 43 for circulating catholyte back to theelectrochemical cell 25 connected to the catholyte reservoir 31;

n. a drain 12 for draining catholyte;

o. a flush 18 for flushing the catholyte system;

p. an air sparge 37 connected to the housing for introducing air intothe catholyte reaction chamber 31;

q. catholyte portion of the electrolyte is circulated by pump 43 throughthe electrochemical cell 25 on the cathode 28 side of the membrane 27;

r. small thermal control units 45 and 46 are connected to the catholyteflow stream to heat or cool the catholyte to the selected temperaturerange;

s. contact of the oxidizing gas with the catholyte electrolyte may beenhanced by using conventional techniques for promoting gas/liquidcontact by a ultrasonic vibration 48, a mechanical mixer 35, etc.;

t. operating the electrochemical cell 25 at higher than normal membrane27 current densities (i.e., above about 0.5 amps/cm²) will increase therate of waste destruction, but also result in increased mediator iontransport through the membrane into the catholyte;

u. optional anolyte recovery system 41 is positioned on the catholyteside;

v. systems using non-nitric acid catholytes may also require airsparging to dilute and/or remove off-gas such as hydrogen;

w. some mediator oxidizer ions may cross the membrane 27 and this optionis available if it is necessary to remove them through the anolyterecovery system 41 to maintain process efficiency or cell operability,or their economic worth necessitates their recovery;

x. using the anolyte recovery system 41 the capitol cost of expandingthe size of the electrochemical cell 25 can be avoided; and

y. operating the electrochemical cell 25 at higher than normal membranecurrent density (i.e., above about 0.5 amps per centimeter squared)improves economic efficiency.

-   19. The apparatus of paragraph 10, wherein:

a. operator runs the MEO Apparatus (FIG. 1A) and FIG. 1B by using theMEO Controller depicted in FIG. 2 MEO Controller;

b. controller 49 with microprocessor is connected to a monitor 51 and akeyboard 53;

c. operator inputs commands to the controller 49 through the keyboard 53responding to the information displayed on the monitor 51;

d. controller 49 runs a program that sequences the steps for theoperation of the MEO apparatus;

e. program has pre-programmed sequences of standard operations that theoperator may follow or may choose his own sequences of operations;

f. controller 49 allows the operator to select his own sequences withinlimits that assure a safe and reliable operation;

g. controller 49 sends digital commands that regulates the electricalpower (AC 30 and DC 29) to the various components in the MEO apparatus:pumps 19 and 43, mixers 7 and 35, thermal controls 21, 22, 45, 46, heatexchangers 23 and 24, ultraviolet sources 11, ultrasonic sources 9 and48, CO₂ vent 14, air sparge 37, and electrochemical cell 25;

h. controller receives component response and status from thecomponents;

i. controller sends digital commands to the sensors to access sensorinformation through sensor responses;

j. sensors in the MEO apparatus provide digital information on the stateof the various components;

k. sensors measure flow rate 59, temperature 61, pH 63, CO₂ venting 65,degree of oxidation 67, air sparge sensor 69, etc; and

l. controller 49 receives status information on the electrical potential(voltmeter 57) across the electrochemical cell or individual cells if amulti-cell configuration and between the anode(s) and referenceelectrodes internal to the cell(s) 25 and the current (ammeter 55)flowing between the electrodes within each cell.

-   20. The apparatus of paragraph 10, wherein:

a. preferred embodiment, MEO System Model 5.b is sized for use in asmall to mid-size application; other preferred embodiments havedifferences in the external configuration and size but are essentiallythe same in internal function and components as depicted in FIGS. 1B,1D, and 1E;

b. preferred embodiment in FIG. 3 comprises a housing 72 constructed ofmetal or high strength plastic surrounding the electrochemical cell 25,the electrolyte and the foraminous basket 3;

c. AC power is provided to the AC power supply 30 by the power cord 78;

d. monitor screen 51 is incorporated into the housing 72 for displayinginformation about the system and about the waste being treated;

e. control keyboard 53 is incorporated into the housing 72 for inputtinginformation into the system;

f. monitor screen 51 and the control keyboard 53 may be attached to thesystem without incorporating them into the housing 72;

g. system model 5.b has a control keyboard 53 for input of commands anddata;

h. monitor screen 51 to display the systems operation and functions;

i. status lights 73 for on, off and standby, are located above thekeyboard 53 and monitor screen 51;

j. in a preferred embodiment, status lights 73 are incorporated into thehousing 72 for displaying information about the status of the treatmentof the animal waste material;

k. air sparge 37 is incorporated into the housing 72 to allow air to beintroduced into the catholyte reaction chamber 31 below the surface ofthe catholyte;

l. a CO₂ vent 14 is incorporated into the housing 72 to allow for CO₂release from the anolyte reaction chamber housed within;

m. in a preferred embodiment, the housing includes means for cleaningout the MEO waste treatment system, including a flush(s) 18 and drain(s)12 through which the anolyte and catholyte pass;

n. the preferred embodiment further comprises an atmospheric vent 47facilitating the releases of gases into the atmosphere from thecatholyte reaction chamber 31;

o. hinged lid 1 is opened and the solid animal waste is deposited in thebasket 3 in the chamber 5(b);

p. lid stop 2 keeps lid opening controlled; and

q. hinged lid 1 is equipped with a locking latch 76 that is operated bythe controller 49.

-   21. The apparatus of paragraph 10, wherein:

a. MEO apparatus is contained in the housing 72;

b. MEO system is started 81 by the operator engaging the ‘ON’ button 74on the control keyboard 53;

c. system controller 49, which contains a microprocessor, runs theprogram that controls the entire sequence of operations 82;

d. monitor screen 51 displays the steps of the process in the propersequence;

e. status lights 73 on the panel provide the status of the MEO apparatus(e.g. on, off, ready, standby);

f. lid 1 is opened and the animal waste is placed 83 in the anolytereaction chamber 5(b) in basket 3 as a liquid, solid, or a mixture ofliquids and solids, whereupon the solid portion of the waste is retainedand the liquid portion flows through the basket and into the anolyte;

g. locking latch 76 is activated after waste is placed in basket;

h. pumps 19 and 43 are activated which begins circulation 85 of theanolyte 87 and catholyte 89, respectively;

i. once the electrolyte circulation is established throughout thesystem, the mixers 7 and 35 begin to operate 91 and 93;

j. depending upon waste characteristics (e.g., reaction kinetics, heatof reaction, etc.) it may be desirable to introduce the waste into aroom temperature or cooler system with little or none of the mediatorredox couple in the oxidizer form;

k. once flow is established the thermal controls units 21, 22, 45, and46 are turned on 95/97, initiating predetermined anodic oxidation andelectrolyte heating programs;

l. the electrochemical cell 25 is energized 94 (by cell commands 56) tothe electric potential 57 and current 55 density determined by thecontroller program;

m. by using programmed electrical power and electrolyte temperatureramps it is possible to maintain a predetermined waste destruction rateprofile such as a relatively constant reaction rate as the more reactivewaste components are oxidized, thus resulting in the remaining wastebecoming less and less reactive, thereby requiring more and morevigorous oxidizing conditions;

n. the ultrasonic sources 9 and 48 and ultraviolet systems 11 areactivated 99 and 101 in the anolyte reaction chambers 5(a,b,c) andbuffer tank 20 and catholyte reaction chamber 31 if those options arechosen in the controller program;

o. CO₂ vent 14 is activated 103 to release CO₂ from the animal wasteoxidation process in the anolyte reaction chambers 5(a,b,c) and buffertank 20;

p. air sparge 37 and atmospheric vent 47 are activated 105 in thecatholyte system;

q. progress of the destruction process is monitored in the controller(oxidation sensor 67) by various cell voltages and currents 55, 57(e.g., open circuit, anode vs. reference electrode, ion specificelectrodes, etc,) as well as monitoring CO₂, CO, and O₂ gas 65composition for CO₂, CO and oxygen content;

r. animal waste is being decomposed into water and CO₂ the latter beingdischarged 103 out of the CO₂ vent 14;

s. air sparge 37 draws air 105 into the catholyte reservoir 31, andexcess air is discharged out the atmospheric vent 47;

t. when the oxidation sensor 67 determine the desired degree of wastedestruction has been obtained 107, the system goes to standby 109;

u. MEO apparatus as an option may be placed in a standby mode withanimal waste being added as it is generated throughout the day and theunit placed in full activation during non-business hours; and

v. system operator executes system shutdown 111 using the controllerkeyboard 53.

TABLE I SIMPLE ANION REDOX COUPLES MEDIATORS SUB GROUP GROUP ELEMENTVALENCE SPECIES SPECIFIC REDOX COUPLES I A None B Copper (Cu) +2 Cu⁻²(cupric) +2 Species/+3, +4 Species HCuO₂ (bicuprite) +3 Species/+4Species CuO₂ ⁻² (cuprite) +3 Cu⁺³ CuO₂ ⁻(cuprate) Cu₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +4CuO₂ (peroxide) Silver (Ag) +1 Ag¹ (argentous) +1 Species/+2, +3 SpeciesAgO⁻(argentite) +2 Species/+3 Species +2 Ag⁻² (argentic) AgO (argenticoxide) +3 AgO¹ (argentyl) Ag₂O₃ (sesquioxide) Gold (Au) +1 Au¹ (aurous)+1 Species/+3, +4 Species +3 Au⁺³ (auric) +3 Species/+4 SpeciesAuO⁻(auryl) H₃AuO₃ ⁻(auric acid) H₂AuO₃ ⁻(monoauarate) HAuO₃ ⁻²(diaurate) AuO₃ ⁻³ (triaurate) Au₂O₃ (auric oxide) Au(OH)₃ (aurichydroxide) +4 AuO₂ (peroxide) II A Magnesium (Mg) +2 Mg² (magnesic) +2Species/+4 Species +4 MgO₂ (peroxide) Calcium (Ca) +2 Ca⁺² +2 Species/+4Species +4 CaO₂ (peroxide) Strontium +2 Sr⁺² +2 Species/+4 Species +4SrO₂ (peroxide) Barium (Ba) +2 Ba⁺² +2 Species/+4 Species +4 BaO₂(peroxide) II B Zinc (Zn) +2 Zn⁻² (zincic) +2 Species/+4 Species ZnOH¹(zincyl) HZnO₂ ⁻ (bizincate) ZnO₂ ⁻² (zincate) +4 ZnO₂ (peroxide)Mercury (Hg) +2 Hg⁺² (mercuric) +2 Species/+4 Species Hg (OH)₂ (mercurichydroxide) HHgO₂ ⁻ (mercurate) +4 HgO₂ (peroxide) III A Boron +3 H₃BO₃(orthoboric acid) +3 Species/+4.5, +5 Species H₂BO₃ ⁻, HBO₃ ⁻², BO₃ ⁻³(orthoborates) BO₂ ⁻(metaborate) H₂B₄O₇, (tetraboric acid) HB₄O₇ ^(−/B)₄O₇ ⁻² (tetraborates) B₂O₄ ⁻² (diborate) B₆O₁₀ ⁻² (hexaborate) +4.5B₂O⁻² (diborate) +5 BO₃ ⁻/BO₂ ⁻•H₂O (perborate) Thallium (TI) +1 TI⁺¹(thallous) +1 Species/+3 or +3.33 Species +3 T1³ (thallic) +3Species/+3.33 Species T⁺, TIOH⁺² , TI(OH)₂ ⁺ (thallyl) TI₂O₃(sesquioxide) TI(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +3.33 TI₃O₅ (peroxide) B See RareEarths and Actinides IV A Carbon (C) +4 H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid) +4Species/+5, +6 Species HCO₃ ⁻ (bicarbonate) CO₃ ⁻² (carbonate) +5 H₂C₂O₆(perdicarbonic acid) +6 H₂CO₄ (permonocarbonic acid) Germanium (Ge) +4H₂GeO₃ (germanic acid) +4 Species/+6 Species HGeO₃ ⁻(bigermaniate) GeO₃⁻⁴ (germinate) Ge⁺⁴ (germanic) GeO₄ ⁻⁴ H₂Ge₂O₅ (digermanic acid) H₂Ge₄O₉(tetragermanic acid) H₂Ge₅O₁₁ (pentagermanic acid) HGe₅O₁₁ ⁻(bipentagermanate) +6 Ge₅O₁₁ ⁻² (pentagermanate) Tin (Sn) +4 Sn⁺⁴(stannic) +4 Species/+7 Species HSnO₃ ⁻ (bistannate) SnO₃ ⁻² (stannate)SnO₂ (stannic oxide) Sn(OH)₄ (stannic hydroxide) +7 SnO₄ (perstannate)Lead (Pb) +2 Pb⁺² (plumbous) +2, +2.67, +3 Species/+4 Species HPbO₂ ⁻(biplumbite) PbOH+ PbO₂ ⁻² (plumbite) PbO (plumbus oxide) +2.67 Pb₃O₄(plumbo-plumbic oxide) +3 Pb₂O₃ (sequioxide) IV A Lead (Pb) +4 Pb⁺⁴(plumbic) +2, +2.67, +3 Species/+4 Species PbO₃ ⁻² (metaplumbate) HPbO₃⁻ (acid metaplumbate) PbO₄ ⁻⁴ (orthoplumbate) PbO₂ (dioxide) B Titanium+4 TiO⁺² (pertitanyl) +4 Species/+6 Species HTiO₄ ⁻ (titanate) TiO₂(dioxide) +6 TiO₂ ⁺² (pertitanyl) HTiO₄ ⁻ (acid pertitanate) TiO₄ ⁻²(pertitanate) TiO₃ (peroxide) Zirconium (Zr) +4 Zr⁺⁴ (zirconic) +4Species/+5, +6, +7 Species ZrO⁺² (zirconyl) HZrO₃ ⁻ (zirconate) +5 Zr₂O₅(pentoxide) +6 ZrO₃ (peroxide) +7 Zr₂O₇ (heptoxide) Hafnium (Hf) +4 Hf⁻⁴(hafnic) +4 Species/+6 Species HfO⁺² (hafnyl) +6 Hfo₃ (peroxide) V ANitrogen +5 HNO₃ (nitric acid) +5 species/+7 Species NO₃ ⁻ (nitrate) +7HNO₄ (pernitric acid) Phosphorus (P) +5 H₃PO₄ (orthophosphoric acid) +5Species/+6, +7 species H₂PO₄ ⁻ (monoorthophosphate) HPO₄ ⁻²(diorthophosphate) PO₄ ⁻³ (triorthophosphate) HPO₃ (metaphosphoric acid)H₄P₂O₇ (pryophosphoric acid) H₅P₃O₁₀ (triphosphoric acid) H₆P₄O ₁₃(tetraphosphoric acid) V A Phosphorus (P) +6 H₄P₂O₈ (perphosphoric acid)+5 Species/+6, +7 Species +7 H₃PO₅ (monoperphosphoric acid) Arsenic (As)+5 H₃AsO₄ (ortho-arsenic acid) +5 Species/+7 species H₂AsO₄ ⁻ (monoortho-arsenate) HAsO₄ ⁻² (di-ortho-arsenate) AsO₄ ⁻³(tri-ortho-arsenate) AsO₂ ⁺ (arsenyl) +7 AsO₃ ⁺ (perarsenyl) Bismuth(Bi) +3 Bi⁺³ (bismuthous) +3 Species/+3.5, +4, +5 Species BiOH⁺²(hydroxybismuthous) BiO⁺ (bismuthyl) BiO₂ ⁻ (metabismuthite) +3.5 Bi₄O₇(oxide) +4 Bi₂O₄ (tetroxide) +5 BiO₃ ⁻ (metabismuthite) Bi₂O₅(pentoxide) B Vanadium (V) +5 VO₂ ⁻ (vanadic) +5 Species/+7, +9 Species(See also POM H₃V₂O₇ ⁻ (pyrovanadate) Complex Anion H₂VO₄ ⁻(orthovanadate) Mediators) VO₃ ⁻ (metavanadate) HVO₄ ⁻² (orthovanadate)VO₄ ⁻³ (orthovanadate) V₂O₅ (pentoxide) H₄V₂O₇ (pyrovanadic acid) HVO₃(metavanadic acid) H₄V₆O₁₇ (hexavanadic acid) +7 VO₄ ⁻ (pervanadate) +9VO₅ ⁻ (hypervanadate) V B Niobium (Nb) +5 NbO₃ ⁻ (metaniobate) +5Species/+7 species NbO₄ ⁻³ (orthoniobate) (See also POM Nb₂O₅(pentoxide) Complex Anion HNbO₃ (niobid acid) Mediators) +7 NbO₄ ⁻(perniobate) Nb₂O₇ (perniobic oxide) HNbO₄ (perniobic acid) Tantalum(Ta) +5 TaO₃ ⁻ (metatantalate) +5 species/+7 species TaO₄ ⁻³(orthotanatalate) (See also POM Ta₂O₅ (pentoxide) Complex Anion HTaO₃(tantalic acid) Mediators) +7 TaO₄ ⁻ (pentantalate) Ta₂O₇ (pertantalate)HTaO_(4•)H₂O (pertantalic acid) VI A Sulfur (S) +6 H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid)+6 Species/+7, +8 Species HSO₄ ⁻ (bisulfate) SO₄ ⁻² (sulfate) +7 S₂O₈ ⁻(dipersulfate) +8 H₂SO₅ (momopersulfuric acid) Selenium (Se) +6 H₂Se₂O₄(selenic acid) +6 species/+7 Species HSeO₄ ⁻ (biselenate) SeO₄ ⁻ 2(selenate) +7 H₂Se₂O₈ (perdiselenic acid) Tellurium (Te) +6 H₂TeO₄(telluric acid) +6 species/+7 species HTeO₄ ⁻ (bitellurate) TeO₄ ⁻²(tellurate) +7 H₂Te₂O₈ (perditellenic acid) Polonium (Po) +2 Po⁺²(polonous) +2, +4 species/+6 Species +4 PoO₃ ⁻² (polonate) +6 PoO₃(peroxide) VI B Chromium +3 Cr⁺³ (chromic) +3 Species/+4, +6 SpeciesCrOH⁺², Cr(OH)₂ ⁺ (chromyls) +4 Species/+6 Species CrO₂ ⁻, CrO₃ ⁻³(chromites) Cr₂O₃ (chromic oxide) Cr(OH)₃ (chromic hydroxide) +4 CrO₂(dioxide) Cr(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +6 H₂CrO₄ (chromic acid) HCrO₄ ⁻ (acidchromate) CrO₄ ⁻² (chromate) Cr₂O₇ ⁻² (dichromate) Molybdenum (Mo) +6HMoO₄ ⁻ (bimolybhate) +6 Species/+7 Species (See also POM MoO₄ ⁻²(molydbate) Complex Anion MoO₃ (molybdic trioxide) Mediators) H₂MoO₄(molybolic acid) +7 MoO₄ ⁻ (permolybdate) Tungsten (W) +6 WO₄ ⁻²tungstic) +6 Species/+8 Species (See also POM WO₃ (trioxide) ComplexAnion H₂WO₄ (tungstic acid) Mediators) +8 WO₅ ⁻² (pertungstic) H₂WO₅(pertungstic acid) VII A Chlorine (Cl) −1 Cl⁻ (chloride) −1 Species/+1,+3, +5, +7 Species +1 HClO (hypochlorous acid) +1 Species/+3, +5, +7Species ClO⁻ (hypochlorite) +3 Species/+5, +7 Species +3 HClO₂ (chlorousacid) +5 Species/+7 Species C1O₂ ⁻ (chlorite) +5 HClO₃ (chloric acid)C1O₃ ⁻ (chlorate) +7 HClO₄ (perchloric acid) ClO₄ ⁻, HClO₅ ⁻², ClO₅ ⁻³,Cl₂O₉ ⁻⁴ (perchlorates) VII A Bromine (Br) −1 Br (bromide) −1Species/+1, +3, +5, +7 Species +1 HBrO (hypobromous acid) +1 Species/+3,+5, +7 Species BrO⁻ (hypobromitee) +3 Species/+5, +7 Species +3 HBrO₂(bromous acid) +5 Species/+7 Species BrO2⁻ (bromite) +5 HBrO₃ (bromicacid) BrO₃ ⁻ (bromate) +7 HBrO₄ (perbromic acid) BrO₄ ⁻, HBrO₅ ⁻², BrO₅⁻³, Br₂O₉ ⁻⁴ (prebromates) Iodine −1 I⁻ (iodide) −1 Species/+1, +3, +5,+7 Species +1 HIO (hypoiodus acid) +1 Species/+3, +5, +7 Species IO⁻(hypoiodite) +3 Species/+5, +7 Species +3 HIO₂ (iodous acid) +5Species/+7 Species IO₂ ⁻ (iodite) +5 HIO₃ (iodic acid) IO₃ ⁻ (iodate) +7HIO₄ (periodic acid) IO₄ ⁻, HIO₅ ⁻², IO₅ ⁻³, I₂O₉ ³¹ ⁴ (periodates) BManganese (Mn) +2 Mn⁺² (manganeous) +2 Species/+3, +4, +6, +7 SpeciesHMnO₂ ⁻ (dimanganite) +3 Species/+4, +6, +7 Species +3 Mn⁺³ (manganic)+4 Species/+6, +7 Species +4 MnO₂ (dioxide) +6 Species/+7 Species +6MnO₄ ⁻² (manganate) +7 MnO₄ ⁻ (permanganate) VIII Period 4 Iron (Fe) +2Fe⁺² (ferrous) +2 Species/+3, +4, +5, +6 Species HFeO₂ ⁻ (dihypoferrite)+3 Species/+4, +5, +6 Species +3 Fe⁺³, FeOH⁺², Fe(OH)₂₊ (ferric) +4Species/+5, +6 Species FeO₂ ⁻ (ferrite) +5 Species/+6 Species +4 FeO⁺²(ferryl) FeO₂ ⁻² (perferrite) +5 FeO₂ ⁺ (perferryl) +6 FeO₄ ⁻² (ferrate)Cobalt (Co) +2 Co⁺² (cobalous) +2 Species/+3, +4 Species HCoO₂ ⁻(dicobaltite) +3 Species/+4 Species +3 Co⁺³ (cobaltic) Co₂O₃ (cobalticoxide) +4 CoO₂ (peroxide) H₂CoO₃ (cobaltic acid) Nickel (Ni) +2 Ni⁺²(nickelous) +2 Species/+3, +4, +6 Species NiOH⁺ +3 Species/+4, +6Species HNiO₂ ⁻ (dinickelite) +4 Species/+6 Species NiO₂ ⁻² (nickelite)+3 Ni⁺³ (nickelic) Ni₂O₃ (nickelic oxide) +4 NiO₂ (peroxide) +6 NiO₄ ⁻²(nickelate) VIII Period 5 Ruthenium (Ru) +2 Ru⁺² +2 Species/+3, +4, +5,+6, +7, +8 Species +3 Ru⁺³ +3 Species/+4, +5, +6, +7, +8 Species Ru₂O₃(sesquioxide) +4 Species/+5, +6, +7, +8 Species Ru(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +5Species/+6, +7, +8 Species +4 RU⁺⁴ ruthenic) +6 Species/+7, +8 SpeciesRuO₂ (ruthenic dioxide) +7 Species/+8 Species Ru(OH)₄ (ruthenichydroxide) +5 Ru₂O₅ (pentoxide) +6 RuO₄ ⁻² (ruthenate) RuO₂ ⁺²(ruthenyl) RuO₃ (trioxide) +7 RuO₄ ⁻ (perruthenate) +8 H₂RuO₄(hyperuthenic acid) HRuO₅ ⁻ (diperruthenate) RuO₄ (ruthenium tetraxide)Rhodium (Rh) +1 Rh⁺ (hyporhodous) +1 Species/+2, +3, +4, +6 Species +2Rh⁺² (rhodous) +2 Species/+3, +4, +6 Species +3 Rh⁺³ (rhodic) +3Species/+4, +6 Species Rh₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +4 Species/+6 Species +4 RhO₂(rhodic oxide) Rh(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +6 RhO₄ ⁻² (rhodate) RhO₃ (trioxide)Palladium +2 Pd⁺² (palladous) +2 Species/+3, +4, +6 Species PdO₂ ⁻²(palladite) +3 Species/+4, +6 Species +3 Pd₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +4Species/+6 Species +4 PdO₃ ⁻² (palladate) PdO₂ (dioxide) Pd(OH)₄(hydroxide) +6 PdO₃ (peroxide) VIII Period 6 Iridium (Ir) +3 Ir⁺³(iridic) +3 Species/ +4, +6 Species Ir₂O₃ (iridium sesquioxide) +4Species/+6 Species Ir (OH)₃ (iridium hydroxide) +4 IrO₂ (iridic oxide)Ir (OH)₄ (iridic hydroxide) +6 IrO₄ ⁻² (iridate) IrO₃ (iridium peroxide)Platinum (Pt) +2 Pt⁺² (platinous) +2, +3 Species/+4, +6 Species +3 Pt₂O₃(sesquioxide) +4 Species/+6 Species +4 PtO₃ ⁻² (palatinate) PtO⁺²(platinyl) Pt(OH)⁺³ PtO₂ (platonic oxide) IIIB Rare Cerium (Ce) +3 Ce⁺³(cerous) +3 Species/+4, +6 Species earths Ce₂O₃ (cerous oxide) +4Species/+6 Species Ce(OH)₃ (cerous hydroxide) +4 Ce⁺⁴, Ce(OH)⁺³, Ce(OH)₂⁺², Ce(OH)₃ ⁺ (ceric) CeO₂ (ceric oxide) +6 CeO₃ (peroxide) Praseodymium(Pr) +3 P⁺³ (praseodymous) +3 species/+4 species Pr₂O₃ (sesquioxide)Pr(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +4 Pr⁺⁴ (praseodymic) PrO₂ (dioxide) Neodymium +3Nd⁺³ +3 Species/+4 Species Nd₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +4 NdO₂ (peroxide)Terbium (Tb) +3 Tb⁺³ +3 Species/+4 Species Tb₂ O₃ (sesquioxide) +4 TbO₂(peroxide) IIIB Actinides Thorium (Th) +4 Th⁺⁴ (thoric) +4 Species/+6Species ThO⁺² (thoryl) HThO⁻ (thorate) +6 ThO₃ (acid peroxide) Uranium(U) +6 UO₂ ⁺² (uranyl) +6 Species/+8 Species UO₃ (uranic oxide) +8 HUO₅⁻² UO₅ ⁻² (peruranates) UO₄ (peroxide) Neptunium (Np) +5 NpO₂ ⁻(hyponeptunyl) +5 Species/+6, +8 Species Np₂O₅ (pentoxide) +6 Species/+8Species +6 NpO₂ ⁺² (neptunyl) NpO₃ (trioxide) +8 NpO₄ (peroxide)Plutonium (Pu) +3 Pu⁺³ (hypoplutonous) +3 Species/+4, +5, +6 Species +4Pu⁺⁴ (plutonous) +4 Species/+5, +6 Species PuO₂ (dioxide) +5 Species/+6Species +5 PuO₂ ⁺ (hypoplutonyl) Pu₂O₅ (pentoxide) +6 PuO₂ ⁺² (plutonyl)PUO₃ (peroxide) Americium (Am) +3 Am⁺³ (hypoamericious) +4 Am⁺⁴(americous) AmO₂ (dioxide) Am(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +5 AmO₂ ⁺ (hypoamericyl)Am₂O₅ (pentoxide) +6 AmO₂ ⁺² (americyl) AmO₃ (peroxide)

TABLE II ELEMENTS PARTICIPATING AS HETEROATOMS IN HETEROPOLYANIONCOMPLEX ANION REDOX COUPLE MEDIATORS GROUP SUB GROUP ELEMENT I A Lithium(Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and Cesium (Cs) B Copper (Cu), Silver(Ag), and Gold (Au) II A Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca),Strontium (Sr), and Barium (Ba) B Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury(Hg) III A Boron (B), and Aluminum (Al) B Scandium (Sc), and Yttrium(Y) - (See Rare Earths) IV A Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge),Tin (Sn) and Lead (Pb) B Titanium (Ti), Zirconium (Zr), and Hafnium (Hf)V A Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), andBismuth (Bi) B Vanadium (V), Niobium (Nb), and Tantalum (Ta) VI A Sulfur(S), Selenium (Se), and Tellurium (Te) B Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo),and Tungsten (W) VII A Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), andIodine (I) B Manganese (Mn), Technetium (Tc), and Rhenium (Re) VIIIPeriod 4 Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni) Period 5 Ruthenium(Ru), Rhodium (Rh), and Palladium (Pd) Period 6 Osmium (Os), Iridium(Ir), and Platinum (Pt) IIIB Rare Earths All

1. A process for treating and oxidizing animal waste materialscomprising disposing an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell,separating the electrolyte into an anolyte portion and a catholyteportion with an ion-selective membrane or semipermeable membraneapplying a direct current voltage between the anolyte portion and thecatholyte portion, placing the animal waste materials in the anolyteportion, and oxidizing the animal waste materials in the anolyte portionwith a mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) process, wherein theanolyte portion further comprises oxidizing species as a mediator inaqueous solution and the electrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkalineaqueous solution, further comprising introducing an ultrasonic energyinto the anolyte portion, rupturing cell membranes of biological cellsin the animal waste materials by momentarily raising local temperaturewithin the biological cells with the ultrasonic energy to above severalthousand degrees, and causing cell membrane failure.
 2. The process ofclaim 1, wherein the membrane is an ion-selective membrane, or semipermeable membrane, microporous polymer membrane, porous ceramicmembrane, or glass frit.
 3. A process for treating and oxidizing animalwaste materials comprising disposing an electrolyte in anelectrochemical cell, separating the electrolyte into an anolyte portionand a catholyte portion with an ion-selective membrane or semipermeablemembrane applying a direct current voltage between the anolyte portionand the catholyte portion, placing the animal waste materials in theanolyte portion, and oxidizing the animal waste materials in the anolyteportion with a mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) process, whereinthe anolyte portion further comprises oxidizing species as a mediator inaqueous solution and the electrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkalineaqueous solution, further comprising adding a surfactant to the anolyteportion for promoting dispersion of the animal waste materials orintermediate stage reaction products within the aqueous solution whenthe animal waste materials or reaction products are not water-solubleand tend to form immiscible layers.
 4. The process of claim 3, whereinthe membrane is an ion-selective membrane, or semi permeable membrane,microporous polymer membrane, porous ceramic membrane, or glass frit. 5.A process for treating and oxidizing animal waste, comprisingcirculating ions of mediator oxidizing species in an electrolyte throughan electrochemical cell and affecting anodic oxidation of reduced formsof reversible redox couples into oxidized forms, contacting the ionswith the animal waste in an anolyte portion of the electrolyte in aprimary oxidation process, involving superoxidizer ions, having anoxidation potential above a threshold value of 1.7 volts at 1 molar, 25°C. and pH1, wherein when said superoxidizers are present there is a freeradical oxidizer driven secondary oxidation process, adding energy froman energy source to the anolyte portion and augmenting the secondaryoxidation processes, breaking down hydrogen peroxide and ozone in theanolyte portion into hydroxyl free radicals, and increasing an oxidizingeffect of the secondary oxidation processes, wherein the mediatoroxidizing species are selected from the group consisting of (a.) simpleion redox couples described in Table I as below; (b.) Type Iisopolyanions complex anion redox couples formed by incorporation ofelements in Table I, or mixtures thereof as addenda atoms; (c.) Type Iheteropolyanions complex anion redox couples formed by incorporationinto Type I isopolyanions as heteroatoms any element selected from thegroup consisting of the elements listed in Table II either singly or incombination thereof, or (d.) heteropolyanions complex anion redoxcouples containing at least one heteroatom type element contained inboth Table I and Table II below or (e.) combinations of the mediatoroxidizing species from any or all of (a.), (b.), (c.), and (d.) TABLE ISimple Ion Redox Couples SUB SPECIFIC REDOX GROUP GROUP ELEMENT VALENCESPECIES COUPLES 1 A None B Copper (Cu) +2 Cu⁻² (cupric) +2 Species/+3,+4 HCuO₂ (bicuprite) Species; CuO₂ ⁻² (cuprite) +3 Species/+4 Species +3Cu⁺³ CuO₂ ⁻ (cuprate) Cu₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +4 CuO₂ (peroxide) Silver (Ag)+1 Ag⁺ (argentous) +1 Species/+2, +3 AgO⁻ (argentite) Species; +2 Ag⁻²(argentic) +2 Species/+3 Species AgO (argentic oxide) +3 AgO⁺ (argentyl)Ag₂O₃ (sesquioxide) Gold (Au) +1 Au⁺ (aurous) +1 Species/+3, +4 +3 Au⁺³(auric) Species; AuO⁻ (auryl) +3 Species/+4 Species H₃AuO₃ ⁻ (auricacid) H₂AuO₃ ⁻ (monoauarate) HAuO₃ ⁻² (diaurate) AuO₃ ⁻³ (triaurate)Au₂O₃ (auric oxide) Au(OH)₃ (auric hydroxide) +4 AuO₂ (peroxide) II AMagnesium +2 Mg⁺² (magnesic) +2 Species/+4 Species (Mg) +4 MgO₂(peroxide) Calcium +2 Ca⁺² +2 Species/+4 Species (Ca) +4 CaO₂ (peroxide)Strontium +2 Sr⁺² +2 Species/ +4 Species +4 SrO₂ (peroxide) Barium (Ba)+2 Ba⁺² +2 Species/+4 Species +4 BaO₂ (peroxide) II B Zinc (Zn) +2 Zn⁺²(zincic) +2 Species/ ZnOH⁺ (zincyl) +4 Species HZnO₂ ⁻ (bizincate) ZnO₂⁻² (zincate) +4 ZnO₂ (peroxide) Mercury +2 Hg⁺² (mercuric) +2 Species/(Hg) Hg(OH)₂ (mercuric +4 Species hydroxide) HHgO₂ ⁻ (mercurate) +4 HgO₂(peroxide) III A Boron +3 H₃BO₃ (orthoboric acid) +3 Species/ H₂BO₃ ⁻,HBO₃ ⁻², BO₃ ⁻³ +4.5, 5 (orthoborates) Species BO₂ ⁻ (metaborate) H₂B₄O₇(tetraboric acid) HB₄O₇ ⁻/B₄O₇ ⁻² (tetraborates) B₂O₄ ⁻² (diborate)B₆O₁₀ ⁻² (hexaborate) +4.5 B₂O₅ ⁻ (diborate) +5 BO₃ ⁻/BO₂ ⁻•H₂O(perborate) Thallium +1 Tl⁺¹ (thallous) +1 Species/ (Tl) +3 Tl⁺³(thallic) +3 or +3.33 TlO⁺, TlOH⁺², Tl(OH)₂ ⁺ Species; (thallyl) +3Species/ Tl₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +3.33 Species TI(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +3.33Tl₃O₅ (peroxide) B See Rare Earths and Actinides IV A Carbon (C) +4H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid) +4 Species/ HCO₃ ⁻ (bicarbonate) 5, +6 Species CO₃⁻² (carbonate) +5 H₂C₂O₆ (perdicarbonic acid) +6 H₂CO₄ (permonocarbonicacid) Germanium +4 H₂GeO₃ (germanic acid) +4 Species/ (Ge) HGeO₃ ⁻(bigermaniate) +6 Species GeO₃ ⁻⁴ (germinate) Ge₄ ⁺⁴ (germanic) GeO₄ ⁻⁴H₂Ge₂O₅ (digermanic acid) H₂Ge₄O₉ (tetragermanic acid) H₂Ge₅O₁₁(pentagermanic acid) HGe₅O₁₁ ⁻ (bipentagermanate) +6 Ge₅O₁₁ ⁻(pentagermanate) Tin (Sn) +4 Sn⁺⁴ (stannic) +4 Species/ HSnO₃ ⁻(bistannate) +7 Species SnO₃ ⁻² (stannate) SnO₂ (stannic oxide) Sn(OH)₄(stannic hydroxide) +7 SnO₄ ⁻ (perstannate) Lead (Pb) +2 Pb⁺² (plumbous)+2, +2.67, +3 HPbO₂ ⁻ (biplumbite) Species/+4 PbOH⁺ Species PbO₂ ⁻(plumbite) PbO (plumbus oxide) +2.67 Pb₃O₄ (plumbo-plumbic oxide) +3Pb₂O₃ (sequioxide) IV A Lead (Pb) +4 Pb⁺⁴ (plumbic) +2, +2.67, +3 PbO₃⁻² (metaplumbate) Species/+4 HPbO₃ ⁻ (acid metaplumbate) Species PbO₄ ⁻⁴(orthoplumbate) PbO₂ (dioxide) IV B Titanium +4 TiO⁺² (pertitanyl) +4Species/ HTiO₄ ⁻ titanate) +6 Species TiO₂ (dioxide) +6 TiO₂ ⁺²(pertianyl) HTiO₄ ⁻ (acid pertitanate) TiO₄ ⁻² (pertitanate) TiO₃(peroxide) Zirconium +4 Zr⁺⁴ (zirconic) +4 Species/+5, (Zr) ZrO⁺²(zirconyl) +6, +7 Species HZrO₃ ⁻ (zirconate) +5 Zr₂O₅ (pentoxide) +6ZrO₃ (peroxide) +7 Zr₂O₇ (heptoxide) Hafnium +4 Hf⁺⁴ (hafnic) +4Species/ (Hf) HfO⁺² (hafnyl) +6 Species +6 HfO₃ (peroxide) V A Nitrogen+5 HNO₃ (nitric acid) +5 species/ NO₃ ⁻ (nitrate) +7 Species +7 HNO₄(pernitric acid) Phosphorus +5 H₃PO₄ (orthophosphoric acid) +5 Species/(P) H₂PO₄ ⁻ (monoorthophosphate) +6, +7 species HPO₄ ⁻²(diorthophosphate) PO₄ ⁻³ (triorthophosphate) HPO₃ (metaphosphoric acid)H₄P₂O₇ (pryophosphoric acid) H₅P₃O₁₀ (triphosphoric acid) H₆P₄O₁₃(tetraphosphoric acid) V A Phosphorus +6 H₄P₂O₈ (perphosphoric acid) +5Species/ (P) +7 H₃PO₅ (monoperphosphoric acid) +6, +7 Species V AArsenic (As) +5 H₃AsO₄ (ortho-arsenic acid) +5 Species/ H₂AsO₄ ⁻ (monoortho-arsenate) +7 species HAsO₄ ⁻² (di-ortho-arsenate) AsO₄ ⁻³(tri-ortho-arsenate) AsO₂ ⁺ (arsenyl) +7 AsO₃ ⁺ (perarsenyl) Bismuth +3Bi⁺³ (bismuthous) +3 Species/ (Bi) BiOH⁺² (hydroxybismuthous) +3.5, +4,+5 BiO⁺ (bismuthyl) Species BiO₂ ⁻ (metabismuthite) +3.5 Bi₄O₇ (oxide)+4 Bi₂O₄ (tetroxide) +5 BiO₃ ⁻ (metabismuthite) Bi₂O₅ (pentoxide) BVanadium +5 VO₂ ⁺ (vanadic) 5 Species/ (V) H₃V₂O₇ ⁻ (pyrovanadate) +7,+9 Species H₂VO₄ ⁻ (orthovanadate) VO₃ ⁻ (metavanadate) HVO₄ ⁻²(orthovanadate) VO₄ ⁻³ (orthovanadate) V₂O₅ (pentoxide) H₄V₂O₇(pyrovanadic acid) HVO₃ (metavanadic acid) H₄V₆O₁₇ (hexavanadic acid) +7VO₄ ⁻ (pervanadate) +9 VO₅ ⁻ (hypervanadate) V B Niobium +5 NbO₃ ⁻(metaniobate) +5 Species/+7 (Nb) NbO₄ ⁻³ (orthoniobate) species Nb₂O₅(pentoxide) HNbO₃ (niobid acid) +7 NbO₄ ⁻ (perniobate) Nb₂O₇ (perniobicacid) HNbO₄ (perniobic acid) Tantalum +5 TaO₃ ⁻ (metatantalate) +5species/+7 (Ta) TaO₄ ⁻³ (orthotanatalate) species Ta₂O₅ (pentoxide)HTaO₃ (tantalic acid) +7 TaO₄ ⁻ (pentantalate) Ta₂O₇ (pertantalate)HTaO₄•H₂O(pertantalic acid) VI A Sulfur (S) +6 H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid) +6Species/+7, HSO₄ ⁻ (bisulfate) +8 Species SO₄ ⁻² (sulfate) +7 S₂O₈ ⁻²(sulfate) +8 H₂SO₅ (momopersulfuric acid) Selenium +6 H₂Se₂O₄ (selenicacid) +6 species/+7 (Se) HSeO₄ ⁻ (biselenate) Species HSeO₄ ⁻(biselenate) SeO₄ ⁻² (selenate) +7 H₂Se₂O₈ (perdiselenic acid) Tellurium+6 H₂TeO₄ (telluric acid) +6 species/+7 (Te) HTeO₄ ⁻ (bitellurate)species TeO₄ ⁻² (tellurate) +7 H₂Te₂O₈ (perditellenic acid) Polonium +2Po⁺² (polonous) +2, +4 species/ (Po) +4 PoO₃ ⁻² (polonate) +6 Species +6PoO₃ (peroxide) VI B Chromium +3 Cr⁺³ (chromic) +3 Species/ CrOH⁺²,Cr(OH)₂ ⁺ (chromyls) +4, +6 Species; CrO₂ ⁻, CrO₃ ⁻³ (chromites) +4Species/ Cr₂O₃ (chromic oxide) +6 Species Cr(OH)₃ (chromic hydroxide) +4CrO₂ (dioxide) Cr(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +6 H₂CrO₄ (chromic acid) HCrO₄ ⁻(acid chromate) CrO₄ ⁻² (chromate) Cr₂O₇ ⁻² (dichromate) Molybdenum +6HMoO₄ ⁻ (bimolybhate) +6 Species/ (Mo) MoO₄ ⁻² (molydbate) +7 SpeciesMoO₃ (molybdic trioxide) H₂MoO₄ (molybolic acid) +7 MoO₄ ⁻(permolybdate) Tungsten +6 WO₄ ⁻² tungstic) +6 Species/ (W) WO₃(trioxide) +8 Species H₂WO₄ (tungstic acid) +8 WO₄ ⁻² (pertungstic)H₂WO₅ (pertungstic acid) VII A Chlorine (Cl) +1 HClO (hypochlorous acid)+1 Species/ +3, ClO⁻ (hypochlorite) +5, +7 Species; +3 HClO₂ (chlorousacid) +3 Species/ ClO₂ ⁻ (chlorite) +5, +7 Species; +5 HClO₃ (chloricacid) +5 Species/ ClO₃ ⁻ (chlorate) +7 Species +7 HClO₄ (perchloricacid) ClO₄ ⁻, HClO₅ ⁻², ClO₅ ⁻³, Cl₂O₉ ⁻⁴ (perchlorates) VII A Bromine(Br) +1 HBrO (hypobromous acid) +1 Species/+3, BrO⁻ (hypobromitee) +5,+7 Species; +3 HBrO₂ (bromous acid) +3 Species/+5, BrO2⁻ (bromite) +7Species; +5 HBrO₃ (bromic acid) +5 Species/+7 BrO₃ ⁻ (bromate) Species+7 HBrO₄ (perbromic acid) BrO₄ ⁻, HBrO₅ ⁻², BrO₅ ⁻³, Br₂O₉ ⁻⁴(prebromates) Iodine +1 HlO (hypoiodus acid) +1 Species/+3, IO⁻(hypoiodite) +5, +7 Species; +3 HlO₂ (iodous acid) +3 Species/+5, IO₂ ⁻(iodite) +7 Species; +5 HlO₃ (iodic acid) +5 Species/+7 IO₃ ⁻ (iodate)Species +7 HlO₄ (periodic acid) lO₄ ⁻, HIO₅ ⁻², IO₅ ⁻³, I₂O₉ ⁻⁴(periodates) B Manganese +2 Mn⁺² (manganeous) +2 Species/+3, (Mn) HMnO₂⁻ (dimanganite) +4, +6, +7 +3 Mn⁺³ (manganic) Species; +4 MnO₂ (dioxide)+3 Species/+4, +6 MnO₄ ⁻² (manganate) +6, +7 Species; +7 MnO₄ ⁻(permanganate) +4 Species/+6, +7 Species; +6 Species/+7 Species VIIIPeriod 4 Iron (Fe) +3 FeO⁺³ (ferric) +3 Species/+4, Fe(OH)⁺² +5, +6Species; Fe(OH)₂ ⁺ +4 Species/ FeO₂ ⁻² (ferrite) +5, +6 Species; VIIIPeriod 4 Iron (Fe) +4 FeO⁺² (ferryl) +5 Species/ FeO₂ ⁻² (perferrite) +6Species +5 FeO₂ ⁺ (perferryl) +6 FeO₄ ⁻² (ferrate) Cobalt (Ca) +2 CO⁺²(cobalous) +2 Species/ HCoO₂ ⁻ (dicobaltite) +3, +4 Species; +3 Co⁺³(cobaltic) +3 Species/ Co₂O₃ (cobaltic oxide) +4 Species +4 CoO₂(peroxide) H₂CoO₃ (cobaltic acid) Nickel (Ni) +2 Ni⁺² (nickelous) +2Species/+3, NiOH⁺ +4, +6 Species; HNiO₂ ⁻ (dinickelite) +3 Species/ NiO₂⁻² (nickelite) +4, +6 Species; +3 Ni⁺³ (nickelic) +4 Species/ Ni₂O₃(nickelic oxide) +6 Species +4 NiO₂ (peroxide) +6 NiO₄ ⁻² (nickelate)VIII Period 5 Ruthenium +2 Ru⁺² +2 Species/+3 (Ru) +3 Ru⁺³ +4, +5, +6,+7, Ru₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +8 Species; Ru(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +3 Species/+4,+4 Ru⁺⁴ (ruthenic) +5, +6, +7, +8 RuO₂ (ruthenic dioxide) Species;Ru(OH)₄ (ruthenic hydroxide) +4 Species/ +5 Ru₂O₅ (pentoxide) +5, +6,+7, +8 +6 RuO₄ ⁻² (ruthenate) Species; RuO₂ ⁺² (ruthenyl) +5 Species/+6,RuO₃ (trioxide) +7, +8 Species; +7 RuO₄ ⁻ (perruthenate) +6 Species/ +8H₂RuO₄ (hyperuthenic acid) +7, +8 Species; HRuO₅ ⁻ (diperruthenate) +7Species/ RuO₄ (ruthenium tetroxide) +8 Species Rhodium +1 Rh⁺(hyporhobus) +1 Species/+2, (Rh) +2 Rh⁺² (rhodous) +3, +4, +6 +3 Rh⁺³(rhodic) Species; Rh₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +2 Species/+3, +4 RhO₂ (rhodicoxide) +4, +6 Species; Rh(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +3 Species/+4, +6 RhO₄ ⁻²(rhodate) +6 Species; RhO₃ (trioxide) +4 Species/+6 Species Palladium +2Pd⁺² (palladous) +2 Species/+3, PdO₂ ⁻² (palladite) +4, +6 Species; +3Pd₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +3 Species/ +4 Pd O₃ ⁻² (palladate) +4, +6 Species;PdO₂ (dioxide) +4 Species/ Pd(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +6 Species +6 PdO₃(peroxide) VIII Period 6 Iridium (Ir) +3 Ir⁺³ (iridic) +3 Species/ Ir₂O₃(iridium sesquioxide) +4, +6 Species; Ir(OH)₃ (iridium hydroxide) +4Species/ +4 IrO₂ (iridic oxide) +6 Species Ir(OH)₄ (iridic hydroxide) +6IrO₄ ⁻² (iridate) IrO₃ (iridium peroxide) Platinum +2 Pt⁺² (platinous)+2, +3 Species/ (Pt) +3 Pt₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +4, +6 Species; +4 PtO₃ ⁻²(palatinate) +4 Species/ PtO⁺² (platinyl) +6 Species Pt(OH)⁺³ PtO₂(platonic oxide) +6 PtO₄ ⁻² (Perplatinate) PtO₃ (perplatinix oxide) IIIBRare Cerium (Ce) +3 Ce⁺³ (cerous) +3 Species/ earths Ce₂O₃ (cerousoxide) +4, +6 Species; Ce(OH)₃ (cerous hydroxide) +4 Species/ +4 Ce⁺⁴,Ce(OH)⁺³, Ce(OH)₂ ⁺², +6 Species Ce(OH)₃ ⁺ (ceric) CeO₂ (ceric oxide) +6CeO₃ (peroxide) Praseodymium +3 Pr⁺³ (praseodymous) +3 species/+4 (Pr)Pr₂O₃ (sesquioxide) species Pr(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +4 Pr⁺⁴ (praseodymic)PrO₂ (dioxide) Neodymium +3 Nd⁺³ +3 Species/+4 Nd₂O₃ (sesquioxide)Species +4 NdO₂ (peroxide) Terbium (Tb) +3 Tb⁺³ +3 Species/+4 Tb₂O₃(sesquioxide) Species +4 TbO₂ (peroxide) IIIB Actinides Thorium (Th) +4Th⁺⁴ (thoric) +4 Species/+6 ThO⁺² (thoryl) Species HThO₃ ⁻ (thorate) +6ThO₃ (acid peroxide) Uranium (U) +6 UO₂ ⁺² (uranyl) +6 Species/+8 UO₃(uranic oxide) Species +8 HUO₅ ⁻, UO₅ ⁻² (peruranates) UO₄ (peroxide)Neptunium +5 NpO₂ ⁺ (hyponeptunyl) +5 Species/+6, (Np) Np₂O₅ (pentoxide)+8 Species; +6 NpO₂ ⁺² (neptunyl) +6 Species/+8 NpO₃ (trioxide) Species+8 NpO₄ (peroxide) Plutonium +3 Pu⁺³ (hypoplutonous) +3 Species/+4, (Pu)+4 Pu⁺⁴ (plutonous) +5, +6 Species; PuO₂ (dioxide) +4 Species/+5, +5PuO₂ ⁺ (hypoplutonyl) +6 Species; Pu₂O₅ (pentoxide) +5 Species/+6 +6PuO₂ ⁺² (plutonyl) Species PuO₃ (peroxide) Americium +3 Am⁺³(hypoamericous) +3 Species/+4, (Am) +4 Am⁺⁴ (americous) +5, +6 Species;AmO₂ (dioxide) +4 Species/+5, Am(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +6 Species; +5 AmO₂ ⁺(hypoamericyl) +5 Species/+6 Am₂O₅ (pentoxide) Species +6 AmO₂ ⁺²(americyl) AmO₃ (peroxide)

TABLE II Elements Participating as Heteroatoms in HeteropolyanionComplex Anion Redox Couple Mediators SUB GROUP GROUP ELEMENT I A Lithium(Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and Cesium (Cs) B Copper (Cu), Silver(Ag), and Gold (Au) II A Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca),Strontium (Sr), and Barium (Ba) B Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury(Hg) III A Boron (B), and Aluminum (Al) B Scandium (Sc), and Yttrium(Y) - (See Rare Earths) IV A Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge),Tin (Sn) and Lead (Pb) B Titanium (Ti), Zirconium (Zr), and Hafnium (Hf)V A Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), andBismuth (Bi) B Vanadium (V), Niobium (Nb), and Tantalum (Ta) VI A Sulfur(S), Selenium (Se), and Tellurium (Te) B Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo),and Tungsten (W) VII A Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), andTodine (I) B Manganese (Mn), Technetium (Tc), and Rhenium (Re) VIIIPeriod 4 Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni) Period 5 Ruthenium(Ru), Rhodium (Rh), and Palladium (Pd) Period 6 Osmium (Os), Iridium(Ir), and Platinum (Pt) IIIB Rare Earths All

further comprising an ultraviolet source connected to the anolytechamber for decomposing hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl free radicals assecondary oxidizers and increasing efficiency of the process byrecovering energy through the oxidation of the animal waste materials inthe anolyte chamber by secondary oxidizers.
 6. Apparatus for treatingand oxidizing animal waste materials comprising an electrochemical cell,an aqueous electrolyte disposed in the electrochemical cell, a semipermeable membrane, ion selective membrane, microporous polymer, porousceramic or glass frit membrane disposed in the electrochemical cell forseparating the cell into anolyte and catholyte chambers and separatingthe electrolyte into aqueous anolyte and catholyte portions, electrodesfurther comprising an anode and a cathode disposed in theelectrochemical cell respectively in the anolyte and catholyte chambersand in the anolyte and catholyte portions of the electrolyte, a powersupply connected to the anode and the cathode for applying a directcurrent voltage between the anolyte and the catholyte portions of theelectrolyte, and oxidizing of the animal waste materials in the anolyteportion with a mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) process whereinthe anolyte portion further comprises a mediator in aqueous solution forproducing reversible redox couples used as oxidizing species and theelectrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkaline aqueous solution, furthercomprising an anolyte reaction chamber and buffer tank housing the bulkof the anolyte solution, an input pump to enter liquid animal waste intothe anolyte reaction chamber, a spray head and stream head to introducethe anolyte from the electrochemical cell into the anolyte reactionchamber in such a manner as to promote mixing of the incoming anolyteand the anolyte mixture in the anolyte reaction chamber, a hinged lid toallow insertion of waste into the anolyte portion as liquid, solid ofcombination of both, a locking latch to secure the lid during operationof the system, a suction pump attached to the buffer tank to pumpanolyte from the buffer tank to the anolyte reaction chamber, a inputpump to pump anolyte from the anolyte reaction chamber back to thebuffer tank, and an air pump to pump off gases from the anolyte reactionchamber back to the buffer tank for further oxidation.
 7. Apparatus fortreating and oxidizing animal waste materials comprising anelectrochemical cell, an aqueous electrolyte disposed in theelectrochemical cell, a hydrogen or hydronium ion-permeable or selectivemembrane, disposed in the electrochemical cell for separating the cellinto anolyte and catholyte chambers and separating the electrolyte intoaqueous anolyte and catholyte portions, electrodes further comprising ananode and a cathode disposed in the electrochemical cell respectively inthe anolyte and catholyte chambers and in the anolyte and catholyteportions of the electrolyte, a power supply connected to the anode andthe cathode for applying a direct current voltage between the anolyteand the catholyte portions of the electrolyte, and oxidizing of theanimal waste materials in the anolyte portion with a mediatedelectrochemical oxidation (MEO) process wherein the anolyte portionfurther comprises a mediator in aqueous solution for producingreversible redox couples used as oxidizing species and the electrolyteis an acid, neutral or alkaline aqueous solution, further comprising anultrasonic source connected to the anolyte for augmenting secondaryoxidation processes by heating hydrogen peroxide containing electrolyteto 4800° C., at 1000 atmospheres for dissociating hydrogen peroxide intohydroxyl free radicals and thus increasing concentration of oxidizingspecies and rate of waste destruction and for irradiating biologicalcell membranes in animal materials to momentarily raise the temperaturewithin the biological cell membranes to above several thousand degrees,causing biological cell membrane failure, and creating greater exposureof biological cell contents to oxidizing species in the anolyte.
 8. Theapparatus of claim 7, wherein the membrane is an ion-selective membrane,or semi permeable membrane, microporous polymer membrane, porous ceramicmembrane, or glass frit.
 9. Apparatus for treating and oxidizing animalwaste materials comprising an electrochemical cell, an aqueouselectrolyte disposed in the electrochemical cell, a hydrogen orhydronium ion-permeable or selective membrane, disposed in theelectrochemical cell for separating the cell into anolyte and catholytechambers and separating the electrolyte into aqueous anolyte andcatholyte portions, electrodes further comprising an anode and a cathodedisposed in the electrochemical cell respectively in the anolyte andcatholyte chambers and in the anolyte and catholyte portions of theelectrolyte, a power supply connected to the anode and the cathode forapplying a direct current voltage between the anolyte and the catholyteportions of the electrolyte, and oxidizing of the animal waste materialsin the anolyte portion with a mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO)process wherein the anolyte portion further comprises a mediator inaqueous solution for producing reversible redox couples used asoxidizing species and the electrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkalineaqueous solution, further comprising an anolyte reaction chamber holdingmost of the anolyte portion and a foraminous basket, a penetratorattached to the basket to puncture solids increasing the exposed area,and further comprising an external CO₂ vent connected to the reactionchamber for releasing CO₂ into the atmosphere, a hinged lid attached tothe reaction chamber allowing insertion of waste into the anolyteportion as liquid, solid, or mixtures of liquids and solids, an anolytepump connected to the reaction chamber, an inorganic compounds removaland treatment system connected to the anolyte pump for removingchlorides, and other precipitate forming anions present in the animalwaste being processed, thereby precluding formation of unstableoxycompounds, further comprising thermal control units connected to heator cool the anolyte to a selected temperature range when anolyte iscirculated into the reaction chamber through the electrochemical cell bythe anolyte pump on the anode chamber side of the membrane, a flush forflushing the anolyte, and a filter is located at the base of thereaction chamber to limit the size of exiting solid particles toapproximately 1 mm in diameter.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9, whereinthe membrane is an ion-selective membrane, or semi permeable membrane,microporous polymer membrane, porous ceramic membrane, or glass frit.11. Apparatus for treating and oxidizing animal waste materialscomprising an electrochemical cell, an aqueous electrolyte disposed inthe electrochemical cell, a hydrogen or hydronium ion-permeable orselective membrane, disposed in the electrochemical cell for separatingthe cell into anolyte and catholyte chambers and separating theelectrolyte into aqueous anolyte and catholyte portions, electrodesfurther comprising an anode and a cathode disposed in theelectrochemical cell respectively in the anolyte and catholyte chambersand in the anolyte and catholyte portions of the electrolyte, a powersupply connected to the anode and the cathode for applying a directcurrent voltage between the anolyte and the catholyte portions of theelectrolyte, and oxidizing of the animal waste materials in the anolyteportion with a mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) process whereinthe anolyte portion further comprises a mediator in aqueous solution forproducing reversible redox couples used as oxidizing species and theelectrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkaline aqueous solution, furthercomprising an anolyte recovery system connected to a catholyte pump, acatholyte reservoir connected to the cathode portion of theelectrochemical cell, a thermal control unit connected to the catholytereservoir for varying the temperature of the catholyte portion, a bulkof the catholyte portion being resident in a catholyte reservoir,wherein the catholyte portion of the electrolyte flows into a catholytereservoir, and further comprising an air sparge connected to thecatholyte reservoir for introducing air into the catholyte reservoir.12. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising an anolyte recoverysystem for capturing the anions and for reintroducing the anions intothe anolyte chamber upon collection from the catholyte electrolyte, anoff-gas cleaning system connected to the catholyte reservoir forcleaning gases before release into the atmosphere, and an atmosphericvent connected to the off-gas cleaning system for releasing gases intothe atmosphere, wherein cleaned gas from the off-gas cleaning system iscombined with unreacted components of the air introduced into the systemand discharged through the atmospheric vent
 47. 13. The apparatus ofclaim 11, further comprising a screwed top on the catholyte reservoir tofacilitate flushing out the catholyte reservoir, a mixer connected tothe catholyte reservoir for stirring the catholyte, a catholyte pumpconnected to the catholyte reservoir for circulating catholyte back tothe electrochemical cell, a drain for draining catholyte, a flush forflushing the catholyte system, and an air sparge connected to thehousing for introducing air into the catholyte reservoir, wherein thecatholyte portion of the electrolyte is circulated by pump through theelectrochemical cell on the cathode side of the membrane, and whereincontact of oxidizing gas with the catholyte portion of the electrolyteis enhanced by promoting gas/liquid contact by mechanical and/orultrasonic mixing.
 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the membraneis an ion-selective membrane, or semi permeable membrane, microporouspolymer membrane, porous ceramic membrane, or glass frit.
 15. Apparatusfor treating and oxidizing animal waste materials comprising anelectrochemical cell, an aqueous electrolyte disposed in theelectrochemical cell, a hydrogen or hydronium ion-permeable or selectivemembrane, disposed in the electrochemical cell for separating the cellinto anolyte and catholyte chambers and separating the electrolyte intoaqueous anolyte and catholyte portions, electrodes further comprising ananode and a cathode disposed in the electrochemical cell respectively inthe anolyte and catholyte chambers and in the anolyte and catholyteportions of the electrolyte, a power supply connected to the anode andthe cathode for applying a direct current voltage between the anolyteand the catholyte portions of the electrolyte, and oxidizing of theanimal waste materials in the anolyte portion with a mediatedelectrochemical oxidation (MEO) process wherein the anolyte portionfurther comprises a mediator in aqueous solution for producingreversible redox couples used as oxidizing species and the electrolyteis an acid, neutral or alkaline aqueous solution, wherein theelectrochemical cell is operated at high membrane current densitiesabove about 0.5 amps/cm² for increasing a rate of waste destruction,also results in increased mediator ion transport through the membraneinto the catholyte, and further comprising an anolyte recovery systempositioned on the catholyte side, air sparging on the catholyte side todilute and remove off-gas and hydrogen, wherein some mediator oxidizerions cross the membrane and are removed through the anolyte recoverysystem to maintain process efficiency or cell operability.
 16. Theapparatus of claim 15, wherein the membrane is an ion-selectivemembrane, or semi permeable membrane, microporous polymer membrane,porous ceramic membrane, or glass frit.
 17. Apparatus for treating andoxidizing animal waste materials comprising an electrochemical cell, anaqueous electrolyte disposed in the electrochemical cell, a hydrogen orhydronium ion-permeable or selective membrane, disposed in theelectrochemical cell for separating the cell into anolyte and catholytechambers and separating the electrolyte into aqueous anolyte andcatholyte portions, electrodes further comprising an anode and a cathodedisposed in the electrochemical cell respectively in the anolyte andcatholyte chambers and in the anolyte and catholyte portions of theelectrolyte, a power supply connected to the anode and the cathode forapplying a direct current voltage between the anolyte and the catholyteportions of the electrolyte, and oxidizing of the animal waste materialsin the anolyte portion with a mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO)process wherein the anolyte portion further comprises a mediator inaqueous solution for producing reversible redox couples used asoxidizing species and the electrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkalineaqueous solution, further comprising a controller, a microprocessor, amonitor and a keyboard connected to the cell for inputting commands tothe controller through the keyboard responding to the informationdisplayed on the monitor, a program in the controller sequencing thesteps for operation of the apparatus, program having pre-programmedsequences of operations the operator follows or chooses other sequencesof operations, the controller allows the operator to select sequenceswithin limits that assure a safe and reliable operation, the controllersends digital commands that regulate electrical power to pumps, mixers,thermal controls, ultraviolet sources, ultrasonic sources, CO₂ vents,air sparge, and the electrochemical cell, the controller receivescomponent response and status from the components, the controller sendsdigital commands to the sensors to access sensor information throughsensor responses, sensors in the apparatus provide digital informationon the state of components, sensors measure flow rate, temperature, pH,CO₂ venting, degree of oxidation, and air sparging, the controllerreceives status information on electrical potential across theelectrochemical cell or individual cells in a multi-cell configurationand between the anodes and reference electrodes internal to the cellsand the current flowing between the electrodes within each cell.
 18. Theapparatus of claim 17, wherein the membrane is an ion-selectivemembrane, or semi permeable membrane, microporous polymer membrane,porous ceramic membrane, or glass frit.
 19. A animal waste destructionsystem, comprising a housing constructed of metal or high strengthplastic surrounding an electrochemical cell, with electrolyte and aforaminous basket, an AC power supply with a power cord, a DC powersupply connected to the AC power supply, the DC power supply providingdirect current to the electrochemical cell, a control keyboard for inputof commands and data, a monitor screen to display the systems operationand functions, an anolyte reaction chamber with a basket, status lightsfor displaying information about the status of the treatment of theanimal waste material, an air sparge for introducing air into acatholyte reservoir below a surface of a catholyte, a CO₂ ventincorporated into the housing to allow for CO₂ release from the anolytereaction chamber, an atmospheric vent facilitating the releases of gasesinto the atmosphere from the catholyte reservoir, a hinged lid foropening and depositing the animal waste in the basket in the anolytereaction chamber, a locking latch connected to the hinged lid, and inthe anolyte reaction chamber an aqueous acid, alkali, or neutral saltelectrolyte and mediated oxidizer species solution in which an oxidizerform of a mediator redox couple initially may be present or may begenerated electrochemically after introduction of the waste andapplication of DC power to the electrochemical cell.
 20. The system ofclaim 19, wherein the waste is introduced when the anolyte is at roomtemperature, operating temperature or intermediate temperature, and theanimal waste material is rapidly oxidized at temperatures below boilingpoint of anolyte at ambient pressure, and further comprising a pumpcirculating an anolyte portion of an electrolyte, an in-line filterpreventing solid particles large enough to clog electrochemical cellflow paths from exiting the reaction chamber, an inorganic compoundremoval and treatment system and drain outlets connected to the anolytereaction chamber, whereby residue is pacified in the form of a salt andmay be periodically removed, and a removable top connected to acatholyte reservoir allowing access to the reservoir for cleaning andmaintenance.
 21. A animal waste oxidizing process, comprising anoperator engaging an ‘ON’ button on a control keyboard, a systemcontroller which contains a microprocessor, running a program andcontrolling a sequence of operations, a monitor screen displayingprocess steps in proper sequence, status lights on the panel providingstatus of the process, opening a lid and placing the animal waste in abasket as a liquid, solid, or a mixture of liquids and solids, retaininga solid portion of the waste and flowing a liquid portion through thebasket and into an anolyte reaction chamber, activating a locking latchafter the waste is placed in the basket, activating pumps which beginscirculating the anolyte and a catholyte, once the circulating isestablished throughout the system, operating mixers, once flow isestablished, turning on thermal control units, and initiating anodicoxidation and electrolyte heating programs, energizing anelectrochemical cell to electric potential and current densitydetermined by the controller program, using programmed electrical powerand electrolyte temperature ramps for maintaining a predetermined wastedestruction rate profile as a relatively constant reaction rate as morereactive waste components are oxidized, thus resulting in the remainingwaste becoming less and less reactive, thereby requiring more and morevigorous oxidizing conditions, activating ultrasonic and ultravioletsystems in the anolyte reaction chamber and catholyte reservoir,releasing CO₂ from the animal waste oxidizing process in the anolytereaction chamber, activating air sparge and atmospheric vent in acatholyte system, monitoring progress of the process in the controllerby cell voltages and currents, monitoring CO₂, CO, and O₂ gascomposition for CO₂, CO and oxygen content, decomposing the animal wasteinto water and CO₂, the latter being discharged out of the CO₂ vent, airsparging drawing air into a catholyte reservoir, and discharging excessair out of an atmospheric vent, determining with an oxidation sensorthat desired degree of waste destruction has been obtained, setting thesystem to standby, and executing system shutdown using the controllerkeyboard system operator.
 22. The process of claim 21, furthercomprising placing the system in a standby mode during the day andadding animal waste as it is generated throughout the day, placing thesystem in full activation during non-business hours, operating thesystem at low temperature and ambient atmospheric pressure and notgenerating toxic compounds during the destruction of the animal waste,making the process indoors compatible, scaling the system between unitssmall enough for use by a single practitioner and units large enough toreplace hospital incinerators, releasing CO₂ oxidation product from theanolyte system out through the CO₂ vent, and venting off-gas productsfrom the catholyte reservoir through the atmospheric vent.
 23. Theprocess of claim 21, further comprising introducing the waste into aroom temperature or cooler system with little or none of the mediatorredox couple in the oxidizer form, depending upon reaction kinetics,heat of reaction and similar waste characteristics.
 24. A process fortreating and oxidizing animal waste materials comprising disposing anelectrolyte in an electrochemical cell, separating the electrolyte intoan anolyte portion and a catholyte portion with an ion-selectivemembrane, semipermeable membrane, microporous polymer, porous ceramic,or glass frit, applying a direct current voltage between the anolyteportion and the catholyte portion, placing the animal waste materials inthe anolyte portion, and oxidizing the animal waste materials in theanolyte portion with a mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) process,wherein the anolyte portion further comprises oxidizing species as amediator in aqueous solution and the electrolyte is an acid, neutral oralkaline aqueous solution, and wherein the mediator oxidizing speciesare selected from the group consisting of (a.) simple ion redox couplesdescribed in Table I as below; (b.) Type I isopolyanions complex anionredox couples formed by incorporation of elements in Table I, ormixtures thereof as addenda atoms; (c.) Type I heteropolyanions complexanion redox couples formed by incorporation into Type I isopolyanions asheteroatoms any element selected from the group consisting of theelements listed in Table II either singly or in combination thereof; or(d.) heteropolyanions complex anion redox couples containing at leastone heteroatom type element contained in both Table I and Table II belowor (e.) combinations of the mediator oxidizing species from any or allof (a.), (b.), (c.), and (d.) TABLE I Simple Ion Redox Couples SUBSPECIFIC REDOX GROUP GROUP ELEMENT VALENCE SPECIES COUPLES 1 A None BCopper (Cu) +2 Cu⁻² (cupric) +2 Species/+3, +4 HCuO₂ (bicuprite)Species; CuO₂ ⁻² (cuprite) +3 Species/+4 Species +3 Cu⁺³ CuO₂ ⁻(cuprate) Cu₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +4 CuO₂ (peroxide) Silver (Ag) +1 Ag⁺(argentous) +1 Species/+2, +3 AgO⁻ (argentite) Species; +2 Ag⁺²(argentic) +2 Species/+3 Species AgO (argentic oxide) +3 AgO⁺ (argentyl)Ag₂O₃ (sesquioxide) Gold (Au) +1 Au⁺ (aurous) +1 Species/+3, +4 +3 Au⁺³(auric) Species; AuO⁻ (auryl) +3 Species/+4 Species H₃AuO₃ ⁻ (auricacid) H₂AuO₃ ⁻ (monoauarate) HAuO₃ ⁻² (diaurate) AuO₃ ⁻³ (triaurate)Au₂O₃ (auric oxide) Au(OH)₃ (auric hydroxide) +4 AuO₂ (peroxide) II AMagnesium +2 Mg⁺² (magnesic) +2 Species/+4 Species (Mg) +4 MgO₂(peroxide) Calcium +2 Ca⁺² +2 Species/+4 Species (Ca) +4 CaO₂ (peroxide)Strontium +2 Sr⁺² +2 Species/ +4 Species +4 SrO₂ (peroxide) Barium (Ba)+2 Ba⁺² +2 Species/+4 Species +4 BaO₂ (peroxide) II B Zinc (Zn) +2 Zn⁺²(zincic) +2 Species/ ZnOH⁺ (zincyl) +4 Species HZnO₂ ⁻ (bizincate) ZnO₂⁻² (zincate) +4 ZnO₂ (peroxide) Mercury +2 Hg⁺² (mercuric) +2 Species/(Hg) Hg(OH)₂ ⁻ (mercuric +4 Species hydroxide) HHgO₂ ⁻ (mercurate) +4HgO₂ (peroxide) III A Boron +3 H₃BO₃ (orthoboric acid) +3 Species/ H₂BO₃⁻, HBO₃ ⁻², BO₃ ⁻³ +4.5, 5 (orthoborates) Species BO₂ ⁻ (metaborate)H₂B₄O₇ (tetraboric acid) HB₄O₇ ⁻/B₄O₇ ⁻² (tetraborates) B₂O₄ ⁻²(diborate) B₆O₁₀ ⁻² (hexaborate) +4.5 B₂O₅ ⁻ (diborate) +5 BO₃ ⁻/BO₂⁻•H₂O (perborate) Thallium +1 Tl⁺¹ (thallous) +1 Species/ (Tl) +3 Tl⁺³(thallic) +3 or +3.33 TlO⁺, TlOH⁺², Tl(OH)₂ ⁺ Species; (thallyl) +3Species/ Tl₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +3.33 Species TI(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +3.33Tl₃O₅ (peroxide) B See Rare Earths and Actinides IV A Carbon (C) +4H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid) +4 Species/ HCO₃ ⁻ (bicarbonate) 5, +6 Species CO₃⁻² (carbonate) +5 H₂C₂O₆ (perdicarbonic acid) +6 H₂CO₄ (permonocarbonicacid) Germanium +4 H₂GeO₃ (germanic acid) +4 Species/ (Ge) HGeO₃ ⁻(bigermaniate) +6 Species GeO₃ ⁻⁴ (germinate) Ge₄ ⁺⁴ (germanic) GeO₄ ⁻⁴H₂Ge₂O₅ (digermanic acid) H₂Ge₄O₉ (tetragermanic acid) H₂Ge₅O₁₁(pentagermanic acid) HGe₅O₁₁ ⁻ (bipentagermanate) +6 Ge₅O₁₁ ⁻²(pentagermanate) Tin (Sn) +4 Sn⁺⁴ (stannic) +4 Species/ HSnO₃ ⁻(bistannate) +7 Species SnO₃ ⁻² (stannate) SnO₂ (stannic oxide) Sn(OH)₄(stannic hydroxide) +7 SnO₄ ⁻ (perstannate) Lead (Pb) +2 Pb⁺² (plumbous)+2, +2.67, +3 HPbO₂ ⁻ (biplumbite) Species/+4 PbOH⁺ Species PbO₂ ⁻²(plumbite) PbO (plumbus oxide) +2.67 Pb₃O₄ (plumbo-plumbic oxide) +3Pb₂O₃ (sequioxide) IV A Lead (Pb) +4 Pb⁺⁴ (plumbic) +2, +2.67, +3 PbO₃⁻² (metaplumbate) Species/+4 HPbO₃ ⁻ (acid metaplumbate) Species PbO₄ ⁻⁴(orthoplumbate) PbO₂ (dioxide) IV B Titanium +4 TiO⁺² (pertitanyl) +4Species/ HTiO₄ ⁻ titanate) +6 Species TiO₂ (dioxide) +6 TiO₂ ⁺²(pertianyl) HTiO₄ ⁻ (acid pertitanate) TiO₄ ⁻² (pertitanate) TiO₃(peroxide) Zirconium +4 Zr⁺⁴ (zirconic) +4 Species/+5, (Zr) ZrO⁺²(zirconyl) +6, +7 Species HZrO₃ ⁻ (zirconate) +5 Zr₂O₅ (pentoxide) +6ZrO₃ (peroxide) +7 Zr₂O₇ (heptoxide) Hafnium +4 Hf⁺⁴ (hafhic) +4Species/ (Hf) HfO⁺² (hafnyl) +6 Species +6 HfO₃ (peroxide) V A Nitrogen+5 HNO₃ (nitric acid) +5 species/ NO₃ ⁻ (nitrate) +7 Species +7 HNO₄(pernitric acid) Phosphorus +5 H₃PO₄ (orthophosphoric acid) +5 Species/(P) H₂PO₄ ⁻ (monoorthophosphate) +6, +7 species HPO₄ ⁻²(diorthophosphate) PO₄ ⁻³ (triorthophosphate) HPO₃ (metaphosphoric acid)H₄P₂O₇ (pryophosphoric acid) H₅P₃O₁₀ (triphosphoric acid) H₆P₄O₁₃(tetraphosphoric acid) V A Phosphorus +6 H₄P₂O₈ (perphosphoric acid) +5Species/ (P) +7 H₃PO₅ (monoperphosphoric acid) +6, +7 Species V AArsenic (As) +5 H₃AsO₄ (ortho-arsenic acid) +5 Species/ H₂AsO₄ ⁻ (monoortho-arsenate) +7 species HAsO₄ ⁻² (di-ortho-arsenate) AsO₄ ⁻³(tri-ortho-arsenate) AsO₂ ⁺ (arsenyl) +7 AsO₃ ⁺ (perarsenyl) Bismuth +3Bi⁺³ (bismuthous) +3 Species/ (Bi) BiOH⁺² (hydroxybismuthous) +3.5, +4,+5 BiO⁺ (bismuthyl) Species BiO₂ ⁻ (metabismuthite) +3.5 Bi₄O₇ (oxide)+4 Bi₂O₄ (tetroxide) +5 BiO₃ ⁻ (metabismuthite) Bi₂O₅ (pentoxide) BVanadium +5 VO₂ ⁺ (vanadic) 5 Species/ (V) H₃V₂O₇ ⁻ (pyrovanadate) +7,+9 Species H₂VO₄ ⁻ (orthovanadate) VO₃ ⁻ (metavanadate) HVO₄ ⁻²(orthovanadate) VO₄ ⁻³ (orthovanadate) V₂O₅ (pentoxide) H₄V₂O₇(pyrovanadic acid) HVO₃ (metavanadic acid) H₄V₆O₁₇ (hexavanadic acid) +7VO₄ ⁻ (pervanadate) +9 VO₅ ⁻ (hypervanadate) V B Niobium +5 NbO₃ ⁻(metaniobate) +5 Species/+7 (Nb) NbO₄ ⁻³ (orthoniobate) species Nb₂O₅(pentoxide) HNbO₃ (niobid acid) +7 NbO₄ ⁻ (perniobate) Nb₂O₇ (perniobicacid) HNbO₄ (perniobic acid) Tantalum +5 TaO₃ ⁻ (metatantalate) +5species/+7 (Ta) TaO₄ ⁻³ (orthotanatalate) species Ta₂O₅ (pentoxide)HTaO₃ (tantalic acid) +7 TaO₄ ⁻ (pentantalate) Ta₂O₇ (pertantalate)HTaO₄•H₂O (pertantalic acid) VI A Sulfur (S) +6 H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid) +6Species/+7, HSO₄ ⁻ (bisulfate) +8 Species SO₄ ⁻² (sulfate) +7 S₂O₈ ⁻²(dipersulfate) +8 H₂SO₅ (momopersulfuric acid) Selenium +6 H₂Se₂O₄(selenic acid) +6 species/+7 (Se) HSeO₄ ⁻ (biselenate) Species SeO₄ ⁻²(selenate) +7 H₂Se₂O₈ (perdiselenic acid) Tellurium +6 H₂TeO₄ (telluricacid) +6 species/+7 (Te) HTeO₄ ⁻ (bitellurate) species TeO₄ ⁻²(tellurate) +7 H₂Te₂O₈ (perditellenic acid) Polonium +2 Po⁺² (polonous)+2, +4 species/ (Po) +4 PoO₃ ⁻² (polonate) +6 Species +6 PoO₃ (peroxide)VI B Chromium +3 Cr⁺³ (chromic) +3 Species/ CrOH⁺², Cr(OH)₂ ⁺ (chromyls)+4, +6 Species; CrO₂ ⁻, CrO₃ ⁻³ (chromites) +4 Species/ Cr₂O₃ (chromicoxide) +6 Species Cr(OH)₃ (chromic hydroxide) +4 CrO₂ (dioxide) Cr(OH)₄(hydroxide) +6 H₂CrO₄ (chromic acid) HCrO₄ ⁻ (acid chromate) CrO₄ ⁻²(chromate) Cr₂O₇ ⁻² (dichromate) Molybdenum +6 HMoO₄ ⁻ (bimolybhate) +6Species/ (Mo) MoO₄ ⁻² (molydbate) +7 Species MoO₃ (molybdic trioxide)H₂MoO₄ (molybolic acid) +7 MoO₄ ⁻ (permolybdate) Tungsten +6 WO₄ ⁻²tungstic) +6 Species/ (W) WO₃ (trioxide) +8 Species H₂WO₄ (tungsticacid) +8 WO₄ ⁻² (pertungstic) H₂WO₅ (pertungstic acid) VII A Chlorine(Cl) +1 HClO (hypochlorous acid) +1 Species/ +3, ClO⁻ (hypochlorite) +5,+7 Species; +3 HClO₂ (chlorous acid) +3 Species/ ClO₂ ⁻ (chlorite) +5,+7 Species; +5 HClO₃ (chloric acid) +5 Species/ ClO₃ ⁻ (chlorate) +7Species +7 HClO₄ (perchloric acid) ClO₄ ⁻, HClO₅ ⁻², ClO₅ ⁻³, Cl₂O₉ ⁻⁴(perchlorates) VII A Bromine (Br) +1 HBrO (hypobromous acid) +1Species/+3, BrO⁻ (hypobromitee) +5, +7 Species; +3 HBrO₂ (bromous acid)+3 Species/+5, BrO2⁻ (bromite) +7 Species; +5 HBrO₃ (bromic acid) +5Species/+7 BrO₃ ⁻ (bromate) Species +7 HBrO₄ (perbromic acid) BrO₄ ⁻,HBrO₅ ⁻², BrO₅ ⁻³, Br₂O₉ ⁻⁴ (prebromates) Iodine +1 HlO (hypoiodus acid)+1 Species/+3, IO⁻ (hypoiodite) +5, +7 Species; +3 HlO₂ (iodous acid) +3Species/ +5, IO₂ ⁻ (iodite) +7 Species; +5 HlO₃ (iodic acid) +5Species/+7 IO₃ ⁻ (iodate) Species +7 HlO₄ (periodic acid) IO₄ ⁻, HIO₅⁻², IO₅ ⁻³, I₂O₉ ⁻⁴ (periodates) B Manganese +2 Mn⁺² (manganeous) +2Species/+3, (Mn) HMnO₂ ⁻ (dimanganite) +4, +6, +7 +3 Mn⁺³ (manganic)Species; +4 MnO₂ (dioxide) +3 Species/+4, +6 MnO₄ ⁻² (manganate) +6, +7Species; +7 MnO₄ ⁻ (permanganate) +4 Species/+6, +7 Species; +6Species/+7 Species VIII Period 4 Iron (Fe) +3 FeO⁺³ (ferric) +3Species/+4, Fe(OH)⁺² +5, +6 Species; Fe(OH)₂ ⁺ +4 Species/ FeO₂ ⁻²(ferrite) +5, +6 Species; VIII Period 4 Iron (Fe) +4 FeO⁺² (ferryl) +5Species/ FeO₂ ⁻² (perferrite) +6 Species +5 FeO₂ ⁺ (perferryl) +6 FeO₄⁻² (ferrate) Cobalt (Ca) +2 CO⁺² (cobalous) +2 Species/ HCoO₂ ⁻(dicobaltite) +3, +4 Species; +3 Co⁺³ (cobaltic) +3 Species/ Co₂O₃(cobaltic oxide) +4 Species +4 CoO₂ (peroxide) H₂CoO₃ (cobaltic acid)Nickel (Ni) +2 Ni⁺² (nickelous) +2 Species/+3, NiOH⁺ +4, +6 Species;HNiO₂ ⁻ (dinickelite) +3 Species/ NiO₂ ⁻² (nickelite) +4, +6 Species; +3Ni⁺³ (nickelic) +4 Species/ Ni₂O₃ (nickelic oxide) +6 Species +4 NiO₂(peroxide) +6 NiO₄ ⁻² (nickelate) VIII Period 5 Ruthenium +2 Ru⁺² +2Species/+3 (Ru) +3 Ru⁺³ +4, +5, +6, +7, Ru₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +8 Species;Ru(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +3 Species/+4, +4 Ru⁺⁴ (ruthenic) +5, +6, +7, +8RuO₂ (ruthenic dioxide) Species; Ru(OH)₄ (ruthenic hydroxide) +4Species/ +5 Ru₂O₅ (pentoxide) +5, +6, +7, +8 +6 RuO₄ ⁻² (ruthenate)Species; RuO₂ ⁺² (ruthenyl) +5 Species/+6, RuO₃ (trioxide) +7, +8Species; +7 RuO₄ ⁻ (perruthenate) +6 Species/ +8 H₂RuO₄ (hyperuthenicacid) +7, +8 Species; HRuO₅ ⁻ (diperruthenate) +7 Species/ RuO₄(ruthenium tetroxide) +8 Species Rhodium +1 Rh⁺ (hyporhobus) +1Species/+2, (Rh) +2 Rh⁺² (rhodous) +3, +4, +6 +3 Rh⁺³ (rhodic) Species;Rh₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +2 Species/+3, +4 RhO₂ (rhodic oxide) +4, +6Species; Rh(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +3 Species/+4, +6 RhO₄ ⁻² (rhodate) +6Species; RhO₃ (trioxide) +4 Species/+6 Species Palladium +2 Pd⁺²(palladous) +2 Species/+3, PdO₂ ⁻² (palladite) +4, +6 Species; +3 Pd₂O₃(sesquioxide) +3 Species/ +4 Pd O₃ ⁻² (palladate) +4, +6 Species; PdO₂(dioxide) +4 Species/ Pd(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +6 Species +6 PdO₃ (peroxide)VIII Period 6 Iridium (Ir) +3 Ir⁺³ (iridic) +3 Species/ Ir₂O₃ (iridiumsesquioxide) +4, +6 Species; Ir(OH)₃ (iridium hydroxide) +4 Species/ +4IrO₂ (iridic oxide) +6 Species Ir(OH)₄ (iridic hydroxide) +6 IrO₄ ⁻²(iridate) IrO₃ (iridium peroxide) Platinum +2 Pt⁺² (platinous) +2, +3Species/ (Pt) +3 Pt₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +4, +6 Species; +4 PtO₃ ⁻²(palatinate) +4 Species/ PtO⁺² (platinyl) +6 Species Pt(OH)⁺³ PtO₂(platonic oxide) +6 PtO₄ ⁻² (Perplatinate) PtO₃ (perplatinix oxide) IIIBRare Cerium (Ce) +3 Ce⁺³ (cerous) +3 Species/ earths Ce₂O₃ (cerousoxide) +4, +6 Species; Ce(OH)₃ (cerous hydroxide) +4 Species/ +4 Ce⁺⁴,Ce(OH)⁺³, Ce(OH)₂ ⁺², +6 Species Ce(OH)₃ ⁺ (ceric) CeO₂ (ceric oxide) +6CeO₃ (peroxide) Praseodymium +3 Pr⁺³ (praseodymous) +3 species/+4 (Pr)Pr₂O₃ (sesquioxide) species Pr(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +4 Pr⁺⁴ (praseodymic)PrO₂ (dioxide) Neodymium +3 Nd⁺³ +3 Species/+4 Nd₂O₃ (sesquioxide)Species +4 NdO₂ (peroxide) Terbium (Tb) +3 Tb⁺³ +3 Species/+4 Tb₂O₃(sesquioxide) Species +4 TbO₂ (peroxide) IIIB Actinides Thorium (Th) +4Th⁺⁴ (thoric) +4 Species/+6 ThO⁺² (thoryl) Species HThO₃ ⁻ (thorate) +6ThO₃ (acid peroxide) Uranium (U) +6 UO₂ ⁺² (uranyl) +6 Species/+8 UO₃(uranic oxide) Species +8 HUO₅ ⁻, UO₅ ⁻² (peruranates) UO₄ (peroxide)Neptunium +5 NpO₂ ⁺ (hyponeptunyl) +5 Species/+6, (Np) Np₂O₅ (pentoxide)+8 Species; +6 NpO₂ ⁺² (neptunyl) +6 Species/+8 NpO₃ (trioxide) Species+8 NpO₄ (peroxide) Plutonium +3 Pu⁺³ (hypoplutonous) +3 Species/+4, (Pu)+4 Pu⁺⁴ (plutonous) +5, +6 Species; PuO₂ (dioxide) +4 Species/+5, +5PuO₂ ⁺ (hypoplutonyl) +6 Species; Pu₂O₅ (pentoxide) +5 Species/+6 +6PuO₂ ⁺² (plutonyl) Species PuO₃ (peroxide) Americium +3 Am⁺³(hypoamericous) +3 Species/+4, (Am) +4 Am⁺⁴ (americous) +5, +6 Species;AmO₂ (dioxide) +4 Species/+5, Am(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +6 Species; +5 AmO₂ ⁺(hypoamericyl) +5 Species/+6 Am₂O₅ (pentoxide) Species +6 AmO₂ ⁺²(americyl) AmO₃ (peroxide)

TABLE II Elements Participating as Heteroatoms in HeteropolyanionComplex Anion Redox Couple Mediators SUB GROUP GROUP ELEMENT I A Lithium(Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and Cesium (Cs) B Copper (Cu), Silver(Ag), and Gold (Au) II A Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca),Strontium (Sr), and Barium (Ba) B Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury(Hg) III A Boron (B), and Aluminum (Al) B Scandium (Sc), and Yttrium(Y) - (See Rare Earths) IV A Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge),Tin (Sn) and Lead (Pb) B Titanium (Ti), Zirconium (Zr), and Hafnium (Hf)V A Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), andBismuth (Bi) B Vanadium (V), Niobium (Nb), and Tantalum (Ta) VI A Sulfur(S), Selenium (Se), and Tellurium (Te) B Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo),and Tungsten (W) VII A Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), andIodine (I) B Manganese (Mn), Technetium (Tc), and Rhenium (Re) VIIIPeriod 4 Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni) Period 5 Ruthenium(Ru), Rhodium (Rh), and Palladium (Pd) Period 6 Osmium (Os), Iridium(Ir), and Platinum (Pt) IIIB Rare Earths All

further comprising adding stabilizing compounds to the electrolyte forovercoming and stabilizing the short lifetime of oxidized forms ofhigher oxidation state species of the mediator, wherein the stabilizingcompounds are tellurate or periodate ions.
 25. A process for treatingand oxidizing animal waste materials comprising disposing an electrolytein an electrochemical cell, separating the electrolyte into an anolyteportion and a catholyte portion with an ion-selective membrane,semipermeable membrane, microporous polymer, porous ceramic, or glassfrit, applying a direct current voltage between the anolyte portion andthe catholyte portion, placing the animal waste materials in the anolyteportion, and oxidizing the animal waste materials in the anolyte portionwith a mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) process, wherein theanolyte portion further comprises oxidizing species as a mediator inaqueous solution and the electrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkalineaqueous solution, and wherein the mediator oxidizing species areselected from the group consisting of (a.) simple ion redox couplesdescribed in Table I as below; (b.) Type I isopolyanions complex anionredox couples formed by incorporation of elements in Table I, ormixtures thereof as addenda atoms; (c.) Type I heteropolyanions complexanion redox couples formed by incorporation into Type I isopolyanions asheteroatoms any element selected from the group consisting of theelements listed in Table II either singly or in combination thereof, or(d.) heteropolyanions complex anion redox couples containing at leastone heteroatom type element contained in both Table I and Table II belowor (e.) combinations of the mediator oxidizing species from any or allof (a.), (b.), (c.), and (d.) TABLE I Simple Ion Redox Couples SUBSPECIFIC REDOX GROUP GROUP ELEMENT VALENCE SPECIES COUPLES 1 A None BCopper (Cu) +2 Cu⁻² (cupric) +2 Species/+3, +4 HCuO₂ (bicuprite)Species; CuO₂ ⁻² (cuprite) +3 Species/+4 Species +3 Cu⁺³ CuO₂ ⁻(cuprate) Cu₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +4 CuO₂ (peroxide) Silver (Ag) +1 Ag⁺(argentous) +1 Species/+2, +3 AgO⁻ (argentite) Species; +2 Ag⁻²(argentic) +2 Species/+3 Species AgO (argentic oxide) +3 AgO⁺ (argentyl)Ag₂O₃ (sesquioxide) Gold (Au) +1 Au⁺ (aurous) +1 Species/+3, +4 +3 Au⁺³(auric) Species; AuO⁻ (auryl) +3 Species/+4 Species H₃AuO₃ ⁻ (auricacid) H₂AuO₃ ⁻ (monoauarate) HAuO₃ ⁻² (diaurate) AuO₃ ⁻³ (triaurate)Au₂O₃ (auric oxide) Au(OH)₃ (auric hydroxide) +4 AuO₂ (peroxide) II AMagnesium +2 Mg⁺² (magnesic) +2 Species/+4 Species (Mg) +4 MgO₂(peroxide) Calcium +2 Ca⁺² +2 Species/+4 Species (Ca) +4 CaO₂ (peroxide)Strontium +2 Sr⁺² +2 Species/ +4 Species +4 SrO₂ (peroxide) Barium (Ba)+2 Ba⁺² +2 Species/+4 Species +4 BaO₂ (peroxide) II B Zinc (Zn) +2 Zn⁺²(zincic) +2 Species/ ZnOH⁺ (zincyl) +4 Species HZnO₂ ⁻ (bizincate) ZnO₂⁻² (zincate) +4 ZnO₂ (peroxide) Mercury +2 Hg⁺² (mercuric) +2 Species/(Hg) Hg(OH)₂ (mercuric +4 Species hydroxide) HHgO₂ ⁻ (mercurate) +4 HgO₂(peroxide) III A Boron +3 H₃BO₃ (orthoboric acid) +3 Species/ H₂BO₃ ⁻,HBO₃ ⁻², BO₃ ⁻³ +4.5, 5 (orthoborates) Species BO₂ ⁻ (metaborate) H₂B₄O₇(tetraboric acid) HB₄O₇ ⁻/B₄O₇ ⁻² (tetraborates) B₂O₄ ⁻² (diborate)B₆O₁₀ ⁻² (hexaborate) +4.5 B₂O₅ ⁻ (diborate) +5 BO₃ ⁻/BO₂ ⁻•H₂O(perborate) Thallium +1 Tl⁺¹ (thallous) +1 Species/ (Tl) +3 Tl⁺³(thallic) +3 or +3.33 TlO⁺, TlOH⁺², Tl(OH)₂ ⁺ Species; (thallyl) +3Species/ Tl₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +3.33 Species TI(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +3.33Tl₃O₅ (peroxide) B See Rare Earths and Actinides IV A Carbon (C) +4H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid) +4 Species/ HCO₃ ⁻ (bicarbonate) 5, +6 Species CO₃⁻² (carbonate) +5 H₂C₂O₆ (perdicarbonic acid) +6 H₂CO₄ (permonocarbonicacid) Germanium +4 H₂GeO₃ (germanic acid) +4 Species/ (Ge) HGeO₃ ⁻(bigermaniate) +6 Species GeO₃ ⁻⁴ (germinate) Ge₄ ⁺⁴ (germanic) GeO₄ ⁻⁴H₂Ge₂O₅ (digermanic acid) H₂Ge₄O₉ (tetragermanic acid) H₂Ge₅O₁₁(pentagermanic acid) HGe₅O₁₁ ⁻ (bipentagermanate) +6 Ge₅O₁₁ ⁻(pentagermanate) Tin (Sn) +4 Sn⁺⁴ (stannic) +4 Species/ HSnO₃ ⁻(bistannate) +7 Species SnO₃ ⁻² (stannate) SnO₂ (stannic oxide) Sn(OH)₄(stannic hydroxide) +7 SnO₄ ⁻ (perstannate) Lead (Pb) +2 Pb⁺² (plumbous)+2, +2.67, +3 HPbO₂ ⁻ (biplumbite) Species/+4 PbOH⁺ Species PbO₂ ⁻(plumbite) PbO (plumbus oxide) +2.67 Pb₃O₄ (plumbo-plumbic oxide) +3Pb₂O₃ (sequioxide) IV A Lead (Pb) +4 Pb⁺⁴ (plumbic) +2, +2.67, +3 PbO₃⁻² (metaplumbate) Species/+4 HPbO₃ ⁻ (acid metaplumbate) Species PbO₄ ⁻⁴(orthoplumbate) PbO₂ (dioxide) IV B Titanium +4 TiO⁺² (pertitanyl) +4Species/ HTiO₄ ⁻ titanate) +6 Species TiO₂ (dioxide) +6 TiO₂ ⁺²(pertitanyl) HTiO₄ ⁻ (acid pertitanate) TiO₄ ⁻² (pertitanate) TiO₃(peroxide) Zirconium +4 Zr⁺⁴ (zirconic) +4 Species/+5, (Zr) ZrO⁺²(zirconyl) +6, +7 Species HZrO₃ ⁻ (zirconate) +5 Zr₂O₅ (pentoxide) +6ZrO₃ (peroxide) +7 Zr₂O₇ (heptoxide) Hafnium +4 Hf⁺⁴ (hafnic) +4Species/ (Hf) HfO⁺² (hafnyl) +6 Species +6 HfO₃ (peroxide) V A Nitrogen+5 HNO₃ (nitric acid) +5 species/ NO₃ ⁻ (nitrate) +7 Species +7 HNO₄(pernitric acid) Phosphorus +5 H₃PO₄ (orthophosphoric acid) +5 Species/(P) H₂PO₄ ⁻ (monoorthophosphate) +6, +7 species HPO₄ ⁻²(diorthophosphate) PO₄ ⁻³ (triorthophosphate) HPO₃ (metaphosphoric acid)H₄P₂O₇ (pryophosphoric acid) H₅P₃O₁₀ (triphosphoric acid) H₆P₄O₁₃(tetraphosphoric acid) V A Phosphorus +6 H₄P₂O₈ (perphosphoric acid) +5Species/ (P) +7 H₃PO₅ (monoperphosphoric acid) +6, +7 Species V AArsenic (As) +5 H₃AsO₄ (ortho-arsenic acid) +5 Species/ H₂AsO₄ ⁻ (monoortho-arsenate) +7 species HAsO₄ ⁻² (di-ortho-arsenate) AsO₄ ⁻³(tri-ortho-arsenate) AsO₂ ⁺ (arsenyl) +7 AsO₃ ⁺ (perarsenyl) Bismuth +3Bi⁺³ (bismuthous) +3 Species/ (Bi) BiOH⁺² (hydroxybismuthous) +3.5, +4,+5 BiO⁺ (bismuthyl) Species BiO₂ ⁻ (metabismuthite) +3.5 Bi₄O₇ (oxide)+4 Bi₂O₄ (tetroxide) +5 BiO₃ ⁻ (metabismuthite) Bi₂O₅ (pentoxide) BVanadium +5 VO₂ ⁺ (vanadic) 5 Species/ (V) H₃V₂O₇ ⁻ (pyrovanadate) +7,+9 Species H₂VO₄ ⁻ (orthovanadate) VO₃ ⁻ (metavanadate) HVO₄ ⁻²(orthovanadate) VO₄ ⁻³ (orthovanadate) V₂O₅ (pentoxide) H₄V₂O₇(pyrovanadic acid) HVO₃ (metavanadic acid) H₄V₆O₁₇ (hexavanadic acid) +7VO₄ ⁻ (pervanadate) +9 VO₅ ⁻ (hypervanadate) V B Niobium +5 NbO₃ ⁻(metaniobate) +5 Species/+7 (Nb) NbO₄ ⁻³ (orthoniobate) species Nb₂O₅(pentoxide) HNbO₃ (niobid acid) +7 NbO₄ ⁻ (perniobate) Nb₂O₇ (perniobicoxide) HNbO₄ (perniobic acid) Tantalum +5 TaO₃ ⁻ (metatantalate) +5species/+7 (Ta) TaO₄ ⁻³ (orthotanatalate) species Ta₂O₅ (pentoxide)HTaO₃ (tantalic acid) +7 TaO₄ ⁻ (pentantalate) Ta₂O₇ (pertantalate)HTaO₄•H₂O (pertantalic acid) VI A Sulfur (S) +6 H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid) +6Species/+7, HSO₄ ⁻ (bisulfate) +8 Species SO₄ ⁻² (sulfate) +7 S₂O₈ ⁻²(dipersulfate) +8 H₂SO₅ (momopersulfuric acid) Selenium +6 H₂Se₂O₄(selenic acid) +6 species/+7 (Se) HSeO₄ ⁻ (biselenate) Species SeO₄ ⁻²(selenate) +7 H₂Se₂O₈ (perdiselenic acid) Tellurium +6 H₂TeO₄ (telluricacid) +6 species/+7 (Te) HTeO₄ ⁻ (bitellurate) species TeO₄ ⁻²(tellurate) +7 H₂Te₂O₈ (perditellenic acid) Polonium +2 Po⁺² (polonous)+2, +4 species/ (Po) +4 PoO₃ ⁻² (polonate) +6 Species +6 PoO₃ (peroxide)VI B Chromium +3 Cr⁺³ (chromic) +3 Species/ CrOH⁺², Cr(OH)₂ ⁺ (chromyls)+4, +6 Species; CrO₂ ⁻, CrO₃ ⁻³ (chromites) +4 Species/ Cr₂O₃ (chromicoxide) +6 Species Cr(OH)₃ (chromic hydroxide) +4 CrO₂ (dioxide) Cr(OH)₄(hydroxide) +6 H₂CrO₄ (chromic acid) HCrO₄ ⁻ (acid chromate) CrO₄ ⁻²(chromate) Cr₂O₇ ⁻² (dichromate) Molybdenum +6 HMoO₄ ⁻ (bimolybhate) +6Species/ (Mo) MoO₄ ⁻² (molydbate) +7 Species MoO₃ (molybdic trioxide)H₂MoO₄ (molybolic acid) +7 MoO₄ ⁻ (permolybdate) Tungsten +6 WO₄ ⁻²tungstic) +6 Species/ (W) WO₃ (trioxide) +8 Species H₂WO₄ (tungsticacid) +8 WO₅ ⁻² (pertungstic) H₂WO₅ (pertungstic acid) VII A Chlorine(Cl) +1 HClO (hypochlorous acid) +1 Species/ +3, ClO⁻ (hypochlorite) +5,+7 Species; +3 HClO₂ (chlorous acid) +3 Species/ ClO₂ ⁻ (chlorite) +5,+7 Species; +5 HClO₃ (chloric acid) +5 Species/ ClO₃ ⁻ (chlorate) +7Species +7 HClO₄ (perchloric acid) ClO₄ ⁻, HClO₅ ⁻², ClO₅ ⁻³, Cl₂O₉ ⁻⁴(perchlorates) VII A Bromine (Br) +1 HBrO (hypobromous acid) +1Species/+3, BrO⁻ (hypobromitee) +5, +7 Species; +3 HBrO₂ (bromous acid)+3 Species/+5, BrO2⁻ (bromite) +7 Species; +5 HBrO₃ (bromic acid) +5Species/+7 BrO₃ ⁻ (bromate) Species +7 HBrO₄ (perbromic acid) BrO₄ ⁻,HBrO₅ ⁻², BrO₅ ⁻³, Br₂O₉ ⁻⁴ (prebromates) Iodine +1 HIO (hypoiodus acid)+1 Species/+3, IO⁻ (hypoiodite) +5, +7 Species; +3 HIO₂ (iodous acid) +3Species/+5, IO₂ ⁻ (iodite) +7 Species; +5 HIO₃ (iodic acid) +5Species/+7 IO₃ ⁻ (iodate) Species +7 HIO₄ (periodic acid) IO₄ ⁻, HIO₅⁻², IO₅ ⁻³, I₂O₉ ⁻⁴ (periodates) B Manganese +2 Mn⁺² (manganeous) +2Species/+3, (Mn) HMnO₂ ⁻ (dimanganite) +4, +6, +7 +3 Mn⁺³ (manganic)Species; +4 MnO₂ (dioxide) +3 Species/+4, +6 MnO₄ ⁻² (manganate) +6, +7Species; +7 MnO₄ ⁻ (permanganate) +4 Species/+6, +7 Species; +6Species/+7 Species VIII Period 4 Iron (Fe) +3 FeO⁺³ (ferric) +3Species/+4, Fe(OH)⁺² +5, +6 Species; Fe(OH)₂ ⁺ +4 Species/ FeO₂ ⁻²(ferrite) +5, +6 Species; VIII Period 4 Iron (Fe) +4 FeO⁺² (ferryl) +5Species/ FeO₂ ⁻² (perferrite) +6 Species +5 FeO₂ ⁺ (perferryl) +6 FeO₄⁻² (ferrate) Cobalt (Ca) +2 CO⁺² (cobalous) +2 Species/ HCoO₂ ⁻(dicobaltite) +3, +4 Species; +3 Co⁺³ (cobaltic) +3 Species/ Co₂O₃(cobaltic oxide) +4 Species +4 CoO₂ (peroxide) H₂CoO₃ (cobaltic acid)Nickel (Ni) +2 Ni⁺² (nickelous) +2 Species/+3, NiOH⁺ +4, +6 Species;HNiO₂ ⁻ (dinickelite) +3 Species/ NiO₂ ⁻² (nickelite) +4, +6 Species; +3Ni⁺³ (nickelic) +4 Species/ Ni₂O₃ (nickelic oxide) +6 Species +4 NiO₂(peroxide) +6 NiO₄ ⁻² (nickelate) VIII Period 5 Ruthenium +2 Ru⁺² +2Species/+3 (Ru) +3 Ru⁺³ +4, +5, +6, +7, Ru₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +8 Species;Ru(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +3 Species/+4, +4 Ru⁺⁴ (ruthenic) +5, +6, +7, +8RuO₂ (ruthenic dioxide) Species; Ru(OH)₄ (ruthenic hydroxide) +4Species/ +5 Ru₂O₅ (pentoxide) +5, +6, +7, +8 +6 RuO₄ ⁻² (ruthenate)Species; RuO₂ ⁺² (ruthenyl) +5 Species/+6, RuO₃ (trioxide) +7, +8Species; +7 RuO₄ ⁻ (perruthenate) +6 Species/ +8 H₂RuO₄ (hyperuthenicacid) +7, +8 Species; HRuO₅ ⁻ (diperruthenate) +7 Species/ RuO₄(ruthenium tetroxide) +8 Species Rhodium +1 Rh⁺ (hyporhobus) +1Species/+2, (Rh) +2 Rh⁺² (rhodous) +3, +4, +6 +3 Rh⁺³ (rhodic) Species;Rh₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +2 Species/+3, +4 RhO₂ (rhodic oxide) +4, +6Species; Rh(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +3 Species/+4, +6 RhO₄ ⁻² (rhodate) +6Species; RhO₃ (trioxide) +4 Species/+6 Species Palladium +2 Pd⁺²(palladous) +2 Species/+3, PdO₂ ⁻² (palladite) +4, +6 Species; +3 Pd₂O₃(sesquioxide) +3 Species/ +4 Pd O₃ ⁻² (palladate) +4, +6 Species; PdO₂(dioxide) +4 Species/ Pd(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +6 Species +6 PdO₃ (peroxide)VIII Period 6 Iridium (Ir) +3 Ir⁺³ (iridic) +3 Species/ Ir₂O₃ (iridiumsesquioxide) +4, +6 Species; Ir(OH)₃ (iridium hydroxide) +4 Species/ +4IrO₂ (iridic oxide) +6 Species Ir(OH)₄ (iridic hydroxide) +6 IrO₄ ⁻²(iridate) IrO₃ (iridium peroxide) Platinum +2 Pt⁺² (platinous) +2, +3Species/ (Pt) +3 Pt₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +4, +6 Species; +4 PtO₃ ⁻²(palatinate) +4 Species/ PtO⁺² (platinyl) +6 Species Pt(OH)⁺³ PtO₂(platonic oxide) +6 PtO₄ ⁻² (Perplatinate) PtO₃ (perplatinix oxide) IIIBRare Cerium (Ce) +3 Ce⁺³ (cerous) +3 Species/ earths Ce₂O₃ (cerousoxide) +4, +6 Species; Ce(OH)₃ (cerous hydroxide) +4 Species/ +4 Ce⁺⁴,Ce(OH)⁺³, Ce(OH)₂ ⁺², +6 Species Ce(OH)₃ ⁺ (ceric) CeO₂ (ceric oxide) +6CeO₃ (peroxide) Praseodymium +3 Pr⁺³ (praseodymous) +3 species/+4 (Pr)Pr₂O₃ (sesquioxide) species Pr(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +4 Pr⁺⁴ (praseodymic)PrO₂ (dioxide) Neodymium +3 Nd⁺³ +3 Species/+4 Nd₂O₃ (sesquioxide)Species +4 NdO₂ (peroxide) Terbium (Tb) +3 Tb⁺³ +3 Species/+4 Tb₂O₃(sesquioxide) Species +4 TbO₂ (peroxide) IIIB Actinides Thorium (Th) +4Th⁺⁴ (thoric) +4 Species/+6 ThO⁺² (thoryl) Species HThO₃ ⁻ (thorate) +6ThO₃ (acid peroxide) Uranium (U) +6 UO₂ ⁺² (uranyl) +6 Species/+8 UO₃(uranic oxide) Species +8 HUO₅ ⁻, UO₅ ⁻² (peruranates) UO₄ (peroxide)Neptunium +5 NpO₂ ⁺ (hyponeptunyl) +5 Species/+6, (Np) Np₂O₅ (pentoxide)+8 Species; +6 NpO₂ ⁺² (neptunyl) +6 Species/+8 NpO₃ (trioxide) Species+8 NpO₄ (peroxide) Plutonium +3 Pu⁺³ (hypoplutonous) +3 Species/+4, (Pu)+4 Pu⁺⁴ (plutonous) +5, +6 Species; PuO₂ (dioxide) +4 Species/+5, +5PuO₂ ⁺ (hypoplutonyl) +6 Species; Pu₂O₅ (pentoxide) +5 Species/+6 +6PuO₂ ⁺² (plutonyl) Species PuO₃ (peroxide) Americium +3 Am⁺³(hypoamericous) +3 Species/+4, (Am) +4 Am⁺⁴ (americous) +5, +6 Species;AmO₂ (dioxide) +4 Species/+5, Am(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +6 Species; +5 AmO₂ ⁺(hypoamericyl) +5 Species/+6 Am₂O₅ (pentoxide) Species +6 AmO₂ ⁺²(americyl) AmO₃ (peroxide)

TABLE II Elements Participating as Heteroatoms in HeteropolyanionComplex Anion Redox Couple Mediators SUB GROUP GROUP ELEMENT I A Lithium(Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and Cesium (Cs) B Copper (Cu), Silver(Ag), and Gold (Au) II A Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca),Strontium (Sr), and Barium (Ba) B Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury(Hg) III A Boron (B), and Aluminum (Al) B Scandium (Sc), and Yttrium(Y) - (See Rare Earths) IV A Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge),Tin (Sn) and Lead (Pb) B Titanium (Ti), Zirconium (Zr), and Hafnium (Hf)V A Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), andBismuth (Bi) B Vanadium (V), Niobium (Nb), and Tantalum (Ta) VI A Sulfur(S), Selenium (Se), and Tellurium (Te) B Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo),and Tungsten (W) VII A Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), andTodine (I) B Manganese (Mn), Technetium (Tc), and Rhenium (Re) VIIIPeriod 4 Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni) Period 5 Ruthenium(Ru), Rhodium (Rh), and Palladium (Pd) Period 6 Osmium (Os), Iridium(Ir), and Platinum (Pt) IIIB Rare Earths All

wherein the oxidizing agents are super oxidizers, and further comprisinggenerating inorganic free radicals in aqueous solutions from carbonate,azide, nitrite, nitrate, phosphite, phosphate, sulfite, sulfate,selenite, thiocyanate, chloride, and formate oxidizing species, whereinthe super oxidizers have an oxidation potential above a threshold valueof 1.7 volts at 1 molar, 25° C. and pH1.
 26. Apparatus for treating andoxidizing animal waste materials comprising an electrochemical cell, anaqueous electrolyte disposed in the electrochemical cell, a semipermeable membrane, ion selective membrane, microporous membrane, porousceramic or glass frit membrane disposed in the electrochemical cell forseparating the cell into anolyte and catholyte chambers, and separatingthe anolyte and catholyte portions, electrodes further comprising ananode and a cathode disposed in the electrochemical cell respectively inthe anolyte and catholyte chambers and in the anolyte and catholyteportions of the electrolyte, a power supply connected to the anode andthe cathode for applying a direct current voltage between the anolyteand the catholyte portions of the electrolyte, and oxidizing of theanimal waste materials in the anolyte portion with a mediatedelectrochemical oxidation (MEO) process wherein the anolyte portionfurther comprises a mediator in aqueous solution for producingreversible redox couples used as oxidizing species and the electrolyteis an acid, neutral or alkaline aqueous solution, wherein the mediatoroxidizing species are selected from the group consisting of (a.) simpleion redox couples described in Table I as below; (b.) Type Iisopolyanions complex anion redox couples formed by incorporation ofelements in Table I, or mixtures thereof as addenda atoms; (c.) Type Iheteropolyanions complex anion redox couples formed by incorporationinto Type I isopolyanions as heteroatoms any element selected from thegroup consisting of the elements listed in Table II either singly or incombination thereof, or (d.) heteropolyanions complex anion redoxcouples containing at least one heteroatom type element contained inboth Table I and Table II below or (e.) combinations of the mediatoroxidizing species from any or all of (a.), (b.), (c.), and (d.) TABLE ISimple Ion Redox Couples SUB SPECIFIC REDOX GROUP GROUP ELEMENT VALENCESPECIES COUPLES 1 A None B Copper (Cu) +2 Cu⁻² (cupric) +2 Species/+3,+4 HCuO₂ (bicuprite) Species; CuO₂ ⁻² (cuprite) +3 Species/+4 Species +3Cu⁺³ CuO₂ ⁻ (cuprate) Cu₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +4 CuO₂ (peroxide) Silver (Ag)+1 Ag⁺ (argentous) +1 Species/+2, +3 AgO⁻ (argentite) Species; +2 Ag⁻²(argentic) +2 Species/+3 Species AgO (argentic oxide) +3 AgO⁺ (argentyl)Ag₂O₃ (sesquioxide) Gold (Au) +1 Au⁺ (aurous) +1 Species/+3, +4 +3 Au⁺³(auric) Species; AuO⁻ (auryl) +3 Species/+4 Species H₃AuO₃ ⁻ (auricacid) H₂AuO₃ ⁻ (monoauarate) HAuO₃ ⁻² (diaurate) AuO₃ ⁻³ (triaurate)Au₂O₃ (auric oxide) Au(OH)₃ (auric hydroxide) +4 AuO₂ (peroxide) II AMagnesium +2 Mg⁺² (magnesic) +2 Species/+4 Species (Mg) +4 MgO₂(peroxide) Calcium +2 Ca⁺² +2 Species/+4 Species (Ca) +4 CaO₂ (peroxide)Strontium +2 Sr⁺² +2 Species/ +4 Species +4 SrO₂ (peroxide) Barium (Ba)+2 Ba⁺² +2 Species/+4 Species +4 BaO₂ (peroxide) II B Zinc (Zn) +2 Zn⁺²(zincic) +2 Species/ ZnOH⁺ (zincyl) +4 Species HZnO₂ ⁻ (bizincate) ZnO₂⁻² (zincate) +4 ZnO₂ (peroxide) Mercury +2 Hg⁺² (mercuric) +2 Species/(Hg) Hg(OH)₂ (mercuric +4 Species hydroxide) HHgO₂ ⁻ (mercurate) +4 HgO₂(peroxide) III A Boron +3 H₃BO₃ (orthoboric acid) +3 Species/ H₂BO₃ ⁻,HBO₃ ⁻², BO₃ ⁻³ +4.5, 5 (orthoborates) Species BO₂ ⁻ (metaborate) H₂B₄O₇(tetraboric acid) HB₄O₇ ⁻/B₄O₇ ⁻² (tetraborates) B₂O₄ ⁻² (diborate)B₆O₁₀ ⁻² (hexaborate) +4.5 B₂O₅ ⁻ (diborate) +5 BO₃ ⁻/BO₂ ⁻•H₂O(perborate) Thallium +1 Tl⁺¹ (thallous) +1 Species/ (Tl) +3 Tl⁺³(thallic) +3 or +3.33 TlO⁺, TlOH⁺², Tl(OH)₂ ⁺ Species; (thallyl) +3Species/ Tl₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +3.33 Species TI(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +3.33Tl₃O₅ (peroxide) B See Rare Earths and Actinides IV A Carbon (C) +4H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid) +4 Species/ HCO₃ ⁻ (bicarbonate) 5, +6 Species CO₃⁻² (carbonate) +5 H₂C₂O₆ (perdicarbonic acid) +6 H₂CO₄ (permonocarbonicacid) Germanium +4 H₂GeO₃ (germanic acid) +4 Species/ (Ge) HGeO₃ ⁻(bigermaniate) +6 Species GeO₃ ⁻⁴ (germinate) Ge₄ ⁺⁴ (germanic) GeO₄ ⁻⁴H₂Ge₂O₅ (digermanic acid) H₂Ge₄O₉ (tetragermanic acid) H₂Ge₅O₁₁(pentagermanic acid) HGe₅O₁₁ ⁻ (bipentagermanate) +6 Ge₅O₁₁ ⁻(pentagermanate) Tin (Sn) +4 Sn⁺⁴ (stannic) +4 Species/ HSnO₃ ⁻(bistannate) +7 Species SnO₃ ⁻² (stannate) SnO₂ (stannic oxide) Sn(OH)₄(stannic hydroxide) +7 SnO₄ ⁻ (perstannate) Lead (Pb) +2 Pb⁺² (plumbous)+2, +2.67, +3 HPbO₂ ⁻ (biplumbite) Species/+4 PbOH⁺ Species PbO₂ ⁻²(plumbite) PbO (plumbus oxide) +2.67 Pb₃O₄ (plumbo-plumbic oxide) +3Pb₂O₃ (sequioxide) IV A Lead (Pb) +4 Pb⁺⁴ (plumbic) +2, +2.67, +3 PbO₃⁻² (metaplumbate) Species/+4 HPbO₃ ⁻ (acid metaplumbate) Species PbO₄ ⁻⁴(orthoplumbate) PbO₂ (dioxide) IV B Titanium +4 TiO⁺² (pertitanyl) +4Species/ HTiO₄ ⁻ titanate) +6 Species TiO₂ (dioxide) +6 TiO₂ ⁺²(pertitanyl) HTiO₄ ⁻ (acid pertitanate) TiO₄ ⁻² (pertitanate) TiO₃(peroxide) Zirconium +4 Zr⁺⁴ (zirconic) +4 Species/+5, (Zr) ZrO⁺²(zirconyl) +6, +7 Species HZrO₃ ⁻ (zirconate) +5 Zr₂O₅ (pentoxide) +6ZrO₃ (peroxide) +7 Zr₂O₇ (heptoxide) Hafnium +4 Hf⁺⁴ (hafhic) +4Species/ (Hf) HfO⁺² (hafnyl) +6 Species +6 HfO₃ (peroxide) V A Nitrogen+5 HNO₃ (nitric acid) +5 species/ NO₃ ⁻ (nitrate) +7 Species +7 HNO₄(pernitric acid) Phosphorus +5 H₃PO₄ (orthophosphoric acid) +5 Species/(P) H₂PO₄ ⁻ (monoorthophosphate) +6, +7 species HPO₄ ⁻²(diorthophosphate) PO₄ ⁻³ (triorthophosphate) HPO₃ (metaphosphoric acid)H₄P₂O₇ (pryophosphoric acid) H₅P₃O₁₀ (triphosphoric acid) H₆P₄O₁₃(tetraphosphoric acid) V A Phosphorus +6 H₄P₂O₈ (perphosphoric acid) +5Species/ (P) +7 H₃PO₅ (monoperphosphoric acid) +6, +7 Species V AArsenic (As) +5 H₃AsO₄ (ortho-arsenic acid) +5 Species/ H₂AsO₄ ⁻ (monoortho-arsenate) +7 species HAsO₄ ⁻² (di-ortho-arsenate) AsO₄ ⁻³(tri-ortho-arsenate) AsO₂ ⁺ (arsenyl) +7 AsO₃ ⁺ (perarsenyl) Bismuth +3Bi⁺³ (bismuthous) +3 Species/ (Bi) BiOH⁺² (hydroxybismuthous) +3.5, +4,+5 BiO⁺ (bismuthyl) Species BiO₂ ⁻ (metabismuthite) +3.5 Bi₄O₇ (oxide)+4 Bi₂O₄ (tetroxide) +5 BiO₃ ⁻ (metabismuthite) Bi₂O₅ (pentoxide) BVanadium +5 VO₂ ⁺ (vanadic) 5 Species/ (V) H₃V₂O₇ ⁻ (pyrovanadate) +7,+9 Species H₂VO₄ ⁻ (orthovanadate) VO₃ ⁻ (metavanadate) HVO₄ ⁻²(orthovanadate) VO₄ ⁻³ (orthovanadate) V₂O₅ (pentoxide) H₄V₂O₇(pyrovanadic acid) HVO₃ (metavanadic acid) H₄V₆O₁₇ (hexavanadic acid) +7VO₄ ⁻ (pervanadate) +9 VO₅ ⁻ (hypervanadate) V B Niobium +5 NbO₃ ⁻(metaniobate) +5 Species/+7 (Nb) NbO₄ ⁻³ (orthoniobate) species Nb₂O₅(pentoxide) HNbO₃ (niobid acid) +7 NbO₄ ⁻ (perniobate) Nb₂O₇ (perniobicoxide) HNbO₄ (perniobic acid) Tantalum +5 TaO₃ ⁻ (metatantalate) +5species/+7 (Ta) TaO₄ ⁻³ (orthotanatalate) species Ta₂O₅ (pentoxide)HTaO₃ (tantalic acid) +7 TaO₄ ⁻ (pentantalate) Ta₂O₇ (pertantalate)HTaO₄•H₂O(pertantalic acid) VI A Sulfur (S) +6 H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid) +6Species/+7, HSO₄ ⁻ (bisulfate) +8 Species SO₄ ⁻² (sulfate) +7 S₂O₈ ⁻²(dipersulfate) +8 H₂SO₅ (momopersulfuric acid) Selenium +6 H₂Se₂O₄(selenic acid) +6 species/+7 (Se) HSeO₄ ⁻ (biselenate) Species SeO₄ ⁻²(selenate) +7 H₂Se₂O₈ (perdiselenic acid) Tellurium +6 H₂TeO₄ (telluricacid) +6 species/+7 (Te) HTeO₄ ⁻ (bitellurate) species TeO₄ ⁻²(tellurate) +7 H₂Te₂O₈ (perditellenic acid) Polonium +2 Po⁺² (polonous)+2, +4 species/ (Po) +4 PoO₃ ⁻² (polonate) +6 Species +6 PoO₃ (peroxide)VI B Chromium +3 Cr⁺³ (chromic) +3 Species/ CrOH⁺², Cr(OH)₂ ⁺ (chromyls)+4, +6 Species; CrO₂ ⁻, CrO₃ ⁻³ (chromites) +4 Species/ Cr₂O₃ (chromicoxide) +6 Species Cr(OH)₃ (chromic hydroxide) +4 CrO₂ (dioxide) Cr(OH)₄(hydroxide) +6 H₂CrO₄ (chromic acid) HCrO₄ ⁻ (acid chromate) CrO₄ ⁻²(chromate) Cr₂O₇ ⁻² (dichromate) Molybdenum +6 HMoO₄ ⁻ (bimolybhate) +6Species/ (Mo) MoO₄ ⁻² (molydbate) +7 Species MoO₃ (molybdic trioxide)H₂MoO₄ (molybolic acid) +7 MoO₄ ⁻ (permolybdate) Tungsten +6 WO₄ ⁻²tungstic) +6 Species/ (W) WO₃ (trioxide) +8 Species H₂WO₄ (tungsticacid) +8 WO₄ ⁻² (pertungstic) H₂WO₅ (pertungstic acid) VII A Chlorine(Cl) +1 HClO (hypochlorous acid) +1 Species/ +3, ClO⁻ (hypochlorite) +5,+7 Species; +3 HClO₂ (chlorous acid) +3 Species/ ClO₂ ⁻ (chlorite) +5,+7 Species; +5 HClO₃ (chloric acid) +5 Species/ ClO₃ ⁻ (chlorate) +7Species +7 HClO₄ (perchloric acid) ClO₄ ⁻, HClO₅ ⁻², ClO₅ ⁻³, Cl₂O₉ ⁻⁴(perchlorates) VII A Bromine (Br) +1 HBrO (hypobromous acid) +1Species/+3, BrO⁻ (hypobromitee) +5, +7 Species; +3 HBrO₂ (bromous acid)+3 Species/+5, BrO2⁻ (bromite) +7 Species; +5 HBrO₃ (bromic acid) +5Species/+7 BrO₃ ⁻ (bromate) Species +7 HBrO₄ (perbromic acid) BrO₄ ⁻,HBrO₅ ⁻², BrO₅ ⁻³, Br₂O₉ ⁻⁴ (prebromates) Iodine +1 HIO (hypoiodus acid)+1 Species/+3, IO⁻ (hypoiodite) +5, +7 Species; +3 HIO₂ (iodous acid) +3Species/ +5, IO₂ ⁻ (iodite) +7 Species; +5 HIO₃ (iodic acid) +5Species/+7 IO₃ ⁻ (iodate) Species +7 HIO₄ (periodic acid) IO₄ ⁻, HIO₅⁻², IO₅ ⁻³, I₂O₉ ⁻⁴ (periodates) B Manganese +2 Mn⁺² (manganeous) +2Species/+3, (Mn) HMnO₂ ⁻ (dimanganite) +4, +6, +7 +3 Mn⁺³ (manganic)Species; +4 MnO₂ (dioxide) +3 Species/+4, +6 MnO₄ ⁻² (manganate) +6, +7Species; +7 MnO₄ ⁻ (permanganate) +4 Species/+6, +7 Species; +6Species/+7 Species VIII Period 4 Iron (Fe) +3 FeO⁺³ (ferric) +3Species/+4, Fe(OH)⁺² +5, +6 Species; Fe(OH)₂ ⁺ +4 Species/ FeO₂ ⁻²(ferrite) +5, +6 Species; VIII Period 4 Iron (Fe) +4 FeO⁺² (ferryl) +5Species/ FeO₂ ⁻² (perferrite) +6 Species +5 FeO₂ ⁺ (perferryl) +6 FeO₄⁻² (ferrate) Cobalt (Ca) +2 CO⁺² (cobalous) +2 Species/ HCoO₂ ⁻(dicobaltite) +3, +4 Species; +3 Co⁺³ (cobaltic) +3 Species/ Co₂O₃(cobaltic oxide) +4 Species +4 CoO₂ (peroxide) H₂CoO₃ (cobaltic acid)Nickel (Ni) +2 Ni⁺² (nickelous) +2 Species/+3, NiOH⁺ +4, +6 Species;HNiO₂ ⁻ (dinickelite) +3 Species/ NiO₂ ⁻² (nickelite) +4, +6 Species; +3Ni⁺³ (nickelic) +4 Species/ Ni₂O₃ (nickelic oxide) +6 Species +4 NiO₂(peroxide) +6 NiO₄ ⁻² (nickelate) VIII Period 5 Ruthenium +2 Ru⁺² +2Species/+3 (Ru) +3 Ru⁺³ +4, +5, +6, +7, Ru₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +8 Species;Ru(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +3 Species/+4, +4 Ru⁺⁴ (ruthenic) +5, +6, +7, +8RuO₂ (ruthenic dioxide) Species; Ru(OH)₄ (ruthenic hydroxide) +4Species/ +5 Ru₂O₅ (pentoxide) +5, +6, +7, +8 +6 RuO₄ ⁻² (ruthenate)Species; RuO₂ ⁺² (ruthenyl) +5 Species/+6, RuO₃ (trioxide) +7, +8Species; +7 RuO₄ ⁻ (perruthenate) +6 Species/ +8 H₂RuO₄ (hyperuthenicacid) +7, +8 Species; HRuO₅ ⁻ (diperruthenate) +7 Species/ RuO₄(ruthenium tetroxide) +8 Species Rhodium +1 Rh⁺ (hyporhobus) +1Species/+2, (Rh) +2 Rh⁺² (rhodous) +3, +4, +6 +3 Rh⁺³ (rhodic) Species;Rh₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +2 Species/+3, +4 RhO₂ (rhodic oxide) +4, +6Species; Rh(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +3 Species/+4, +6 RhO₄ ⁻² (rhodate) +6Species; RhO₃ (trioxide) +4 Species/+6 Species Palladium +2 Pd⁺²(palladous) +2 Species/+3, PdO₂ ⁻² (palladite) +4, +6 Species; +3 Pd₂O₃(sesquioxide) +3 Species/ +4 Pd O₃ ⁻² (palladate) +4, +6 Species; PdO₂(dioxide) +4 Species/ Pd(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +6 Species +6 PdO₃ (peroxide)VIII Period 6 Iridium (Ir) +3 Ir⁺³ (iridic) +3 Species/ Ir₂O₃ (iridiumsesquioxide) +4, +6 Species; Ir(OH)₃ (iridium hydroxide) +4 Species/ +4IrO₂ (iridic oxide) +6 Species Ir(OH)₄ (iridic hydroxide) +6 IrO₄ ⁻²(iridate) IrO₃ (iridium peroxide) Platinum +2 Pt⁺² (platinous) +2, +3Species/ (Pt) +3 Pt₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +4, +6 Species; +4 PtO₃ ⁻²(palatinate) +4 Species/ PtO⁺² (platinyl) +6 Species Pt(OH)⁺³ PtO₂(platonic oxide) +6 PtO₄ ⁻² (Perplatinate) PtO₃ (perplatinix oxide) IIIBRare Cerium (Ce) +3 Ce⁺³ (cerous) +3 Species/ earths Ce₂O₃ (cerousoxide) +4, +6 Species; Ce(OH)₃ (cerous hydroxide) +4 Species/ +4 Ce⁺⁴,Ce(OH)⁺³, Ce(OH)₂ ⁺², +6 Species Ce(OH)₃ ⁺ (ceric) CeO₂ (ceric oxide) +6CeO₃ (peroxide) Praseodymium +3 Pr⁺³ (praseodymous) +3 species/+4 (Pr)Pr₂O₃ (sesquioxide) species Pr(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +4 Pr⁺⁴ (praseodymic)PrO₂ (dioxide) Neodymium +3 Nd⁺³ +3 Species/+4 Nd₂O₃ (sesquioxide)Species +4 NdO₂ (peroxide) Terbium (Tb) +3 Tb⁺³ +3 Species/+4 Tb₂O₃(sesquioxide) Species +4 TbO₂ (peroxide) IIIB Actinides Thorium (Th) +4Th⁺⁴ (thoric) +4 Species/+6 ThO⁺² (thoryl) Species HThO₃ ⁻ (thorate) +6ThO₃ (acid peroxide) Uranium (U) +6 UO₂ ⁺² (uranyl) +6 Species/+8 UO₃(uranic oxide) Species +8 HUO₅ ⁻, UO₅ ⁻² (peruranates) UO₄ (peroxide)Neptunium +5 NpO₂ ⁺ (hyponeptunyl) +5 Species/+6, (Np) Np₂O₅ (pentoxide)+8 Species; +6 NpO₂ ⁺² (neptunyl) +6 Species/+8 NpO₃ (trioxide) Species+8 NpO₄ (peroxide) Plutonium +3 Pu⁺³ (hypoplutonous) +3 Species/+4, (Pu)+4 Pu⁺⁴ (plutonous) +5, +6 Species; PuO₂ (dioxide) +4 Species/+5, +5PuO₂ ⁺ (hypoplutonyl) +6 Species; Pu₂O₅ (pentoxide) +5 Species/+6 +6PuO₂ ⁺² (plutonyl) Species PuO₃ (peroxide) Americium +3 Am⁺³(hypoamericous) +3 Species/+4, (Am) +4 Am⁺⁴ (americous) +5, +6 Species;AmO₂ (dioxide) +4 Species/+5, Am(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +6 Species; +5 AmO₂ ⁺(hypoamericyl) +5 Species/+6 Am₂O₅ (pentoxide) Species +6 AmO₂ ⁺²(americyl) AmO₃ (peroxide)

TABLE II Elements Participating as Heteroatoms in HeteropolyanionComplex Anion Redox Couple Mediators SUB GROUP GROUP ELEMENT I A Lithium(Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and Cesium (Cs) B Copper (Cu), Silver(Ag), and Gold (Au) II A Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca),Strontium (Sr), and Barium (Ba) B Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury(Hg) III A Boron (B), and Aluminum (Al) B Scandium (Sc), and Yttrium(Y) - (See Rare Earths) IV A Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge),Tin (Sn) and Lead (Pb) B Titanium (Ti), Zirconium (Zr), and Hafnium (Hf)V A Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), andBismuth (Bi) B Vanadium (V), Niobium (Nb), and Tantalum (Ta) VI A Sulfur(S), Selenium (Se), and Tellurium (Te) B Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo),and Tungsten (W) VII A Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), andIodine (I) B Manganese (Mn), Technetium (Tc), and Rhenium (Re) VIIIPeriod 4 Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni) Period 5 Ruthenium(Ru), Rhodium (Rh), and Palladium (Pd) Period 6 Osmium (Os), Iridium(Ir), and Platinum (Pt) IIIB Rare Earths All

further comprising additives disposed in the electrolyte forcontributing to kinetics of the mediated electrochemical processes whilekeeping it from becoming directly involved in the oxidizing of theanimal waste materials, and stabilizer compounds disposed in theelectrolyte for stabilizing higher oxidation state species of oxidizedforms of the reversible redox couples used as the oxidizing species inthe electrolyte, wherein the stabilizing compounds are tellurate orperiodate ions.
 27. Apparatus for treating and oxidizing animal wastematerials comprising an electrochemical cell, an aqueous electrolytedisposed in the electrochemical cell, a semi permeable membrane, ionselective membrane, microporous membrane, porous ceramic or glass fritmembrane disposed in the electrochemical cell for separating the cellinto anolyte and catholyte chambers and separating the anolyte andcatholyte portions, electrodes further comprising an anode and a cathodedisposed in the electrochemical cell respectively in the anolyte andcatholyte chambers and in the anolyte and catholyte portions of theelectrolyte, a power supply connected to the anode and the cathode forapplying a direct current voltage between the anolyte and the catholyteportions of the electrolyte, and oxidizing of the animal waste materialsin the anolyte portion with a mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO)process wherein the anolyte portion further comprises a mediator inaqueous solution for producing reversible redox couples used asoxidizing species and the electrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkalineaqueous solution, wherein the mediator oxidizing species are selectedfrom the group consisting of (a.) simple ion redox couples described inTable I as below; (b.) Type I isopolyanions complex anion redox couplesformed by incorporation of elements in Table I, or mixtures thereof asaddenda atoms; (c.) Type I heteropolyanions complex anion redox couplesformed by incorporation into Type I isopolyanions as heteroatoms anyelement selected from the group consisting of the elements listed inTable II either singly or in combination thereof, or (d.)heteropolyanions complex anion redox couples containing at least oneheteroatom type element contained in both Table I and Table II below or(e.) combinations of the mediator oxidizing species from any or all of(a.), (b.), (c.), and (d.) TABLE I Simple Ion Redox Couples SUB SPECIFICREDOX GROUP GROUP ELEMENT VALENCE SPECIES COUPLES I A None B Copper (Cu)+2 Cu⁻² (cupric) +2 Species/+3, +4 Species; HCuO₂ (bicuprite) +3Species/+4 Species CuO₂ ⁻² (cuprite) +3 Cu⁺³ CuO₂ ⁻ (cuprate) Cu₂O₃(sesquioxide) +4 CuO₂ (peroxide) Silver (Ag) +1 Ag⁺ (argentous) +1Species/+2, +3 Species; AgO⁻ (argentite) +2 Species/+3 Species +2 Ag⁻²(argentic) AgO (argentic oxide) +3 AgO⁺ (argentyl) Ag₂O₃ (sesquioxide)Gold (Au) +1 Au⁺ (aurous) +1 Species/+3, +4 Species; +3 Au⁺³ (auric) +3Species/+4 Species AuO⁻ (auryl) H₃AuO₃ ⁻ (auric acid) H₂AuO₃ ⁻(monoauarate) HAuO₃ ⁻² (diaurate) AuO₃ ⁻³ (triaurate) Au₂O₃ (auricoxide) Au(OH)₃ (auric hydroxide) +4 AuO₂ (peroxide) II A Magnesium (Mg)+2 Mg⁺² (magnesic) +2 Species/+4 Species +4 MgO₂ (peroxide) Calcium (Ca)+2 Ca⁺² +2 Species/+4 Species +4 CaO₂ (peroxide) Strontium +2 Sr⁺² +2Species/+4 Species +4 SrO₂ (peroxide) Barium (Ba) +2 Ba⁺² +2 Species/+4Species +4 BaO₂ (peroxide) II B Zinc (Zn) +2 Zn⁺² (zincic) +2 Species/+4Species ZnOH⁺ (zincyl) HZnO₂ ⁻ (bizincate) ZnO₂ ⁻² (zincate) +4 ZnO₂(peroxide) Mercury (Hg) +2 Hg⁺² (mercuric) +2 Species/+4 Species Hg(OH)₂ (mercuric hydroxide) HHgO₂ ⁻ (mercurate) +4 HgO₂ (peroxide) III ABoron +3 H₃BO₃ (orthoboric acid) +3 Species/+4.5, +5 Species H₂BO₃ ⁻,HBO₃ ⁻², BO₃ ⁻³ (orthoborates) BO₂ ⁻ (metaborate) H₂B₄O₇ (tetraboricacid) HB₄O₇ ⁻/B₄O₇ ⁻² (tetraborates) B₂O₄ ⁻² (diborate) B₆O₁₀ ⁻²(hexaborate) +4.5 B₂O₅ ⁻ (diborate) +5 BO₃ ⁻/BO₂ ⁻•H₂O (perborate)Thallium (Tl) +1 Tl⁺¹ (thallous) +1 Species/+3 or +3.33 Species; +3 Tl⁺³(thallic) +3 Species/+3.33 Species TlO⁺, TlOH⁺², Tl(OH)₂ ⁺ (thallyl)Tl₂O₃ (sesquioxide) Tl(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +3.33 Tl₃O₅ (peroxide) B SeeRare Earths and Actinides IV A Carbon (C) +4 H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid) +4Species/+5, +6 Species HCO₃ ⁻ (bicarbonate) CO₃ ⁻² (carbonate) +5 H₂C₂O₆(perdicarbonic acid) +6 H₂CO₄ (permonocarbonic acid) Germanium (Ge) +4H₂GeO₃ (germanic acid) +4 Species/+6 Species H₂GeO₃ ⁻ (bigermaniate)GeO₃ ⁻⁴ (germinate) GeO⁺⁴ (germanic) GeO₄ ⁻⁴ H₂Ge₂O₅ (digermanic acid)H₂Ge₄O₉ (tetragermanic acid) H₂Ge₅O₁₁ (pentagermanic acid) HGe₅O₁₁ ⁻(bipentagermanate) +6 Ge₅O₁₁ ⁻² (pentagermanate) Tin (Sn) +4 Sn⁺⁴(stannic) +4 Species/+7 Species HSnO₃ ⁻ (bistannate) SnO₃ ⁻² (stannate)SnO₂ (stannic oxide) Sn(OH)₄ (stannic hydroxide) +7 SnO₄ ⁻ (perstannate)Lead (Pb) +2 Pb⁺² (plumbous) +2, +2.67, +3 Species/+4 Species HPbO₂ ⁻(biplumbite) PbOH⁺ PbO₂ ⁻² (plumbite) PbO (plumbus oxide) +2.67 Pb₃O₄(plumbo-plumbic oxide) +3 Pb₂O₃ (sequioxide) IV A Lead (Pb) +4 Pb⁺⁴(plumbic) +2, +2.67, +3 Species/+4 Species PbO₃ ⁻² (metaplumbate) HPbO₃⁻ (acid metaplumbate) PbO₄ ⁻⁴ (orthoplumbate) PbO₂ (dioxide) IV BTitanium +4 TiO⁺² (pertitanyl) +4 Species/+6 Species HTiO₄ ⁻ titanate)TiO₂ (dioxide) +6 TiO₂ ⁺² (pertitanyl) HTiO₄ ⁻ (acid pertitanate) TiO₄⁻² (pertitanate) TiO₃ (peroxide) Zirconium (Zr) +4 Zr⁺⁴ (zirconic) +4Species/+5, +6, +7 Species ZrO⁺² (zirconyl) HZrO₃ ⁻ (zirconate) +5 Zr₂O₅(pentoxide) +6 ZrO₃ (peroxide) +7 Zr₂O₇ (heptoxide) Hafnium (Hf) +4 Hf⁺⁴(hafnic) +4 Species/+6 Species HfO₃ (hafnyl) +6 HfO₃ (peroxide) V ANitrogen +5 HNO₃ (nitric acid) +5 species/+7 Species NO₃ ⁻ (nitrate) +7HNO₄ (pernitric acid) Phosphorus (P) +5 H₃PO₄ (orthophosphoric acid) +5Species/+6, +7 species H₂PO₄ ⁻ (monoorthophosphate) HPO₄ ⁻²(diorthophosphate) PO₄ ⁻³ (triorthophosphate) HPO₃ (metaphosphoric acid)H₄P₂O₇ (pryophosphoric acid) H₅P₃O₁₀ (triphosphoric acid) H₆P₄O₁₃(tetraphosphoric acid) V A Phosphorus (P) +6 H₄P₂O₈ (perphosphoric acid)+5 Species/+6, +7 Species +7 H₃PO₅ (monoperphosphoric acid) V A Arsenic(As) +5 H₃AsO₄ (ortho-arsenic acid) +5 Species/+7 species H₂AsO₄ ⁻ (monoortho-arsenate) HAsO₄ ⁻² (di-ortho-arsenate) AsO₄ ⁻³(tri-ortho-arsenate) AsO₂ ⁺ (arsenyl) +7 AsO₃ ⁺(perarsenyl) Bismuth (Bi)+3 Bi⁺³ (bismuthous) +3 Species/+3.5, +4, +5 Species BiOH⁺²(hydroxybismuthaus) BiO⁺ (bismuthyl) BiO₂ ⁻ (metabismuthite) +3.5 Bi₄O₇(oxide) +4 Bi₂O₄ (tetroxide) +5 BiO₃ ⁻ (metabismuthite) Bi₂O₅(pentoxide) B Vanadium (V) +5 VO₂ ⁺ (vanadic) +5 Species/+7, +9 SpeciesH₃V₂O₇ ⁻ (pyrovanadate) H₂VO₄ ⁻ (orthovanadate) VO₃ ⁻ (metavanadate)HVO₄ ⁻² (orthovanadate) VO₄ ⁻³ (orthovanadate) V₂O₅ (pentoxide) H₄V₂O₇(pyrovanadic acid) HVO₃ (metavanadic acid) H₄V₆O₁₇ (hexavanadic acid) +7VO₄ ⁻ (pervanadate) +9 VO₅ ⁻ (hypervanadate) V B Niobium (Nb) +5 NbO₃ ⁻(metaniobate) +5 Species/+7 species NbO₄ ⁻³ (orthoniobate) Nb₂O₅(pentoxide) HNbO₃ (niobid acid) +7 NbO₄ ⁻ (perniobate) Nb₂O₇ (perniobicoxide) HNbO₄ (perniobic acid) Tantalum (Ta) +5 TaO₃ ⁻ (metatantalate) +5species/+7 species TaO₄ ⁻³ (orthotanatalate) Ta₂O₅ (pentoxide) HTaO₃(tantalic acid) +7 TaO₄ ⁻ (pentantalate) Ta₂O₇ (pertantalate) HTaO₄•H₂O(pertantalic acid) VI A Sulfur (S) +6 H₂SO₄ (sulfuric acid) +6Species/+7, +8 Species HSO₄ ⁻ (bisulfate) SO₄ ⁻² (sulfate) +7 S₂O₈ ⁻²(dipersulfate) +8 H₂SO₅ (momopersulfuric acid) Selenium (Se) +6 H₂Se₂O₄(selenic acid) +6 species/+7 Species HSeO₄ ⁻ (biselenate) SeO₄ ⁻²(selenate) +7 H₂Se₂O₈ (perdiselenic acid) Tellurium (Te) +6 H₂TeO₄(telluric acid) +6 species/+7 species HTeO₄ ⁻ (bitellurate) TeO₄ ⁻²(tellurate) +7 H₂Te₂O₈ (perditellenic acid) Polonium (Po) +2 Po⁺²(polonous) +2, +4 species/+6 Species +4 PoO₃ ⁻² (polonate) +6 PoO₃(peroxide) VI B Chromium +3 Cr⁺³ (chromic) +3 Species/+4, +6 Species;CrOH⁺², Cr(OH)₂ ⁺ (chromyls) +4 Species/+6 Species CrO₂ ⁻, CrO₃ ⁻³(chromites) Cr₂O₃ (chromic oxide) Cr(OH)₃ (chromic hydroxide) +4 CrO₂(dioxide) Cr(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +6 H₂CrO₄ (chromic acid) HCrO₄ ⁻ (acidchromate) CrO₄ ⁻² (chromate) Cr₂O₇ ⁻² (dichromate) Molybdenum (Mo) +6HMoO₄ ⁻ (bimolybhate) +6 Species/+7 Species MoO₄ ⁻² (molydbate) MoO₃(molybdic trioxide) H₂MoO₄ (molybolic acid) +7 MoO₄ ⁻ (permolybdate)Tungsten (W) +6 WO₄ ⁻² tungstic) +6 Species/+8 Species WO₃ (trioxide)H₂WO₄ (tungstic acid) +8 WO₅ ⁻² (pertungstic) H₂WO₅ (pertungstic acid)VII A Chlorine (Cl) +1 HClO (hypochlorous acid) +1 Species/+3, +5, +7Species; ClO⁻ (hypochlorite) +3 Species/+5, +7 Species; +3 HClO₂(chlorous acid) +5 Species/+7 Species ClO₂ ⁻ (chlorite) +5 HClO₃(chloric acid) ClO₃ ⁻ (chlorate) +7 HClO₄ (perchloric acid) ClO₄ ⁻,HClO₅ ⁻², ClO₅ ⁻³, Cl₂O₉ ⁻⁴ (perchlorates) VII A Bromine (Br) +1 HBrO(hypobromous acid) +1 Species/+3, +5, +7 Species; BrO⁻ (hypobromitee) +3Species/+5, +7 Species; +3 HBrO₂ (bromous acid) +5 Species/+7 SpeciesBrO2⁻ (bromite) +5 HBrO₃ (bromic acid) BrO₃ ⁻ (bromate) +7 HBrO₄(perbromic acid) BrO₄ ⁻, HBrO₅ ⁻², BrO₅ ⁻³, Br₂O₉ ⁻⁴ (prebromates)Iodine +1 HIO (hypoiodus acid) +1 Species/+3, +5, +7 Species; IO⁻(hypoiodite) +3 Species/+5, +7 Species; +3 HIO₂ (iodous acid) +5Species/+7 Species IO₂ ⁻ (iodite) +5 HIO₃ (iodic acid) IO₃ ⁻ (iodate) +7HIO₄ (periodic acid) IO₄ ⁻, HIO₅ ⁻², IO₅ ⁻³, I₂O₉ ⁻⁴ (periodates) BManganese (Mn) +2 Mn⁺² (manganeous) +2 Species/+3, +4, +6, +7 Species;HMnO₂ ⁻ (dimanganite) +3 Species/+4, +6, +7 Species; +3 Mn⁺³ (manganic)+4 Species/+6, +7 Species; +4 MnO₂ (dioxide) +6 Species/+7 Species +6MnO₄ ⁻² (manganate) +7 MnO₄ ⁻ (permanganate) VIII Period 4 Iron (Fe) +3Fe⁺³ (ferric) +3 Species/+4, Fe(OH)⁺² +5, +6 Species; Fe(OH)₂ ⁺ FeO₂ ⁻²(ferrite) VIII Period 4 Iron (Fe) +4 FeO⁺² (ferryl) +4 Species/+5, +6Species; FeO₂ ⁻² (perferrite) +5 Species/+6 Species +5 FeO₂ ⁺(perferryl) +6 FeO₄ ⁻² (ferrate) Cobalt (Co) +2 Co⁺² (cobalous) +2Species/+3, +4 Species; HCoO₂ ⁻ (dicobaltite) +3 Species/+4 Species +3Co⁺³ (cobaltic) Co₂O₃ (cobaltic oxide) +4 CoO₂ (peroxide) H₂CoO₃(cobaltic acid) Nickel (Ni) +2 Ni⁺² (nickelous) +2 Species/+3, +4, +6Species; NiOH⁺ +3 Species/+4, +6 Species; HNiO₂ ⁻ (dinickelite) +4Species/+6 Species NiO₂ ⁻² (nickelite) +3 Ni⁺³ (nickelic) Ni₂O₃(nickelic oxide) +4 NiO₂ (peroxide) +6 NiO₄ ⁻² (nickelate) VIII Period 5Ruthenium (Ru) +2 Ru⁺² +2 Species/+3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 Species; +3Ru⁺³ +3 Species/+4, +5, +6, +7, +8 Species; Ru₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +4Species/+5, +6, +7, +8 Species; Ru(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +5 Species/+6, +7,+8 Species; +4 Ru⁺⁴ (ruthenic) +6 Species/+7, +8 Species; RuO₂ (ruthenicdioxide) +7 Species/+8 Species Ru(OH)₄ (ruthenic hydroxide) +5 Ru₂O₅(pentoxide) +6 RuO₄ ⁻² (ruthenate) RuO₂ ⁺² (ruthenyl) RuO₃ (trioxide) +7RuO₄ ⁻ (perruthenate) +8 H₂RuO₄ (hyperuthenic acid) HRuO₅ ⁻(diperruthenate) RuO₄ (ruthenium tetroxide) Rhodium (Rh) +1 Rh⁺(hyporhodous) +1 Species/+2, +3, +4, +6 Species; +2 Rh⁺² (rhodous) +2Species/+3, +4, +6 Species; +3 Rh⁺³ (rhodic) +3 Species/+4, +6 Species;Rh₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +4 Species/+6 Species +4 RhO₂ (rhodic oxide) Rh(OH)₄(hydroxide) +6 RhO₄ ⁻² (rhodate) RhO₃ (trioxide) Palladium +2 Pd⁺²(palladous) +2 Species/+3, +4, +6 Species; PdO₂ ⁻² (palladite) +3Species/+4, +6 Species; +3 Pd₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +4 Species/+6 Species +4PdO₃ ⁻² (palladate) PdO₂ (dioxide) Pd(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +6 PdO₃(peroxide) VIII Period 6 Iridium (Ir) +3 Ir⁺³ (iridic) +3 Species/+4, +6Species; Ir₂O₃ (iridium sesquioxide) +4 Species/+6 Species Ir(OH)₃(iridium hydroxide) +4 IrO₂ (iridic oxide) Ir(OH)₄ (iridic hydroxide) +6IrO₄ ⁻² (iridate) IrO₃ (iridium peroxide) Platinum (Pt) +2 Pt⁺²(platinous) +2, +3 Species/+4, +6 Species; +3 Pt₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +4Species/+6 Species +4 PtO₃ ⁻² (palatinate) PtO⁺² (platinyl) Pt(OH)⁺³PtO₂ (platonic oxide) +6 PtO₄ ⁻² (Perplatinate) PtO₃ (perplatinic oxide)IIIB Rare earths Cerium (Ce) +3 Ce⁺³ (cerous) +3 Species/+4, +6 Species;Ce₂O₃ (cerous oxide) +4 Species/+6 Species Ce(OH)₃ (cerous hydroxide) +4Ce⁺⁴, Ce(OH)⁺³, Ce(OH)₂ ⁺², Ce(OH)₃ ⁺ (ceric) CeO₂ (ceric oxide) +6 CeO₃(peroxide) Praseodymium (Pr) +3 Pr⁺³ (praseodymous) +3 species/+4species Pr₂O₃ (sesquioxide) Pr(OH)₃ (hydroxide) +4 Pr⁺⁴ (praseodymic)PrO₂ (dioxide) Neodymium +3 Nd⁺³ +3 Species/+4 Species Nd₂O₃(sesquioxide) +4 NdO₂ (peroxide) Terbium (Tb) +3 Tb⁺³ +3 Species/+4Species Tb₂O₃ (sesquioxide) +4 TbO₂ (peroxide) IIIB Actinides Thorium(Th) +4 Th⁺⁴ (thoric) +4 Species/+6 Species ThO⁺² (thoryl) HThO₃ ⁻(thorate) +6 ThO₃ (acid peroxide) Uranium (U) +6 UO₂ ⁺² (uranyl) +6Species/+8 Species UO₃ (uranic oxide) +8 HUO₅ ⁻, UO₅ ⁻² (peruranates)UO₄ (peroxide) Neptunium (Np) +5 NpO₂ ⁺ (hyponeptunyl) +5 Species/+6, +8Species; Np₂O₅ (pentoxide) +6 Species/+8 Species +6 NpO₂ ⁺² (neptunyl)NpO₃ (trioxide) +8 NpO₄ (peroxide) Plutonium (Pu) +3 Pu⁺³(hypoplutonous) +3 Species/+4, +5, +6 Species; +4 Pu⁺⁴ (plutonous) +4Species/+5, +6 Species; PuO₂ (dioxide) +5 Species/+6 Species +5 PuO₂ ⁺(hypoplutonyl) Pu₂O₅ (pentoxide) +6 PuO₂ ⁺² (plutonyl) PuO₃ (peroxide)Americium (Am) +3 Am⁺³ (hypoamericious) +3 Species/+4, +5, +6 Species;+4 Am⁺⁴ (americous) +4 Species/+5, +6 Species; AmO₂ (dioxide) +5Species/+6 Species Am(OH)₄ (hydroxide) +5 AmO₂ ⁺ (hypoamericyl) Am₂O₅(pentoxide) +6 AmO₂ ⁺² (americyl) AmO₃ (peroxide)

TABLE II Elements Participating as Heteroatoms in HeteropolyanionComplex Anion Redox Couple Mediators SUB GROUP GROUP ELEMENT I A Lithium(Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and Cesium (Cs) B Copper (Cu), Silver(Ag), and Gold (Au) II A Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca),Strontium (Sr), and Barium (Ba) B Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury(Hg) III A Boron (B), and Aluminum (Al) B Scandium (Sc), and Yttrium(Y) - (See Rare Earths) IV A Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge),Tin (Sn) and Lead (Pb) B Titanium (Ti), Zirconium (Zr), and Hafnium (Hf)V A Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), andBismuth (Bi) B Vanadium (V), Niobium (Nb), and Tantalum (Ta) VI A Sulfur(S), Selenium (Se), and Tellurium (Te) B Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo),and Tungsten (W) VII A Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), andIodine (I) B Manganese (Mn), Technetium (Tc), and Rhenium (Re) VIIIPeriod 4 Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni) Period 5 Ruthenium(Ru), Rhodium (Rh), and Palladium (Pd) Period 6 Osmium (Os), Iridium(Ir), and Platinum (Pt) IIIB Rare Earths All

wherein the anolyte portion further comprises super oxidizers, ions withan oxidation potential above a threshold value of 1.7 volts at 1 molar,25° C. and pH 1, which generate inorganic free radicals in aqueoussolutions, for involving in a secondary oxidation process for producingoxidizers, and organic free radicals for aiding the process and breakingdown the animal waste materials into simpler smaller molecular structureorganic compounds.